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【導(dǎo)讀】作者：約翰·g·埃弗雷特·成員,土木和彼得·b·弗蘭克Jr.)z準(zhǔn)會(huì)員,土木。在那時(shí)，BR斷定事故和傷害占工業(yè)、商業(yè)、最重要的是，由于在建筑工地上工傷補(bǔ)償保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用的飛。漲和有一連串的第三方訴訟費(fèi)用。本文重新調(diào)查了建筑行業(yè)的事故和。傷害的總成本，矯正了原始投入，在必要時(shí)，修改方法。圍的分析，而不是只有一個(gè)數(shù)字。本文表明，在一個(gè)非住宅的工程中。在建筑工地受傷和死亡仍一個(gè)主要問題。除了該行業(yè)的形象受損,使。其更難吸引熟練工人,施工損傷也是昂貴的。然而,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用成本并不是從工作場(chǎng)所受傷。和死亡唯一的結(jié)果。業(yè)務(wù)圓桌會(huì)議(商業(yè)圓桌會(huì)議組織成立于1972年。來,BR一直致力于促進(jìn)建設(shè)質(zhì)量,效率,和成本效益。作為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的一部分,在1981年,BR委托獨(dú)立研究檢查損傷。本研究之目的引起行業(yè)對(duì)事故的。的報(bào)告,改編工作由加州的斯坦福大學(xué)的一組完成。勵(lì)可以減少事故在他們建設(shè)項(xiàng)目發(fā)生的數(shù)量。人員進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究。傷和死亡的現(xiàn)金流出。
【正文】 f safety programs. The Stanford team was responsible for gathering and analyzing three types of data, They gathered data on the direct costs of injuries from WCI premiums and other information, Experience modification rating (EMR)data was gathered from surveys of contractors and rating agencies, and finally, indirect cost data was found through the use of a questionnaire. The following sections will describe in detail the methods used to gather the data and calculate the % figure. First,there will be an examination of the direct costs. Second, a calculation of an indirect cost multiplier. Third, there will be a discussion of the costs of safety programs. Finally, all of the costs will be aggregated to arrive at the % figure. Columns 14 of Table 1 summarize the discussion to follow DIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS AND INSURANCE Direct costs of construction accidents can be defined as those actual, contractor cash flows that can be directly attributable to injuries and fatalities. These are defined and examined in more detail below. Workers39。 Compensation Insurance The vast majority (more than 90% in all industries) of WCI premium dollars e from experience rated plans (Workers1991), where the WCI standard premium is based on the formula Standard premium =manual rate X payroll units X EMR (1) To get the final WCI premium, a number of other factors may be applied to the standard premium. These vary widely from state to state and among insurance carriers. For more details, see Everett and Thompson (1995) WCI manual rates are calculated annually for each state for each of about 600 individual work classifications. Manual rates represent the average cost of accidents plus administrative costs and profit for the insurer per $100 of straight time payroll for each work classification. In the Stanford report, the seranged from 2 to 105% of direct labor dollars (Levitt et ). Payroll units are found by dividing an employer39。s straight time direct labor cost by $100. The logic of using straight time payroll rather than total payroll, which may include overtime and other premiums, is that the risk exposure associated with performing a certain type of work is a function of the time spent working, regardless of the hour of the day or the day of the week.
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