【導(dǎo)讀】四級(jí)寫作的評(píng)分原則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求，對(duì)作文的評(píng)分應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試作文題采用總體評(píng)分方法。從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語(yǔ)言來表達(dá)。達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分的給低。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾。不能僅僅滿足于不犯或少犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，內(nèi)容，都會(huì)影響得分。共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在81~89之間，扣1分；累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在50以下，最多給5分。注意審題一定要仔細(xì)，按要求寫作，不得。擅自改動(dòng)題目，給定的提綱不得有遺漏，否則會(huì)按比例扣分。否則后果很嚴(yán)重。一般來說，四級(jí)作文要求不少于120詞，最好能。最好寫到180到200詞。以20xx年6月六級(jí)寫作真題為例。

　　

【正文】 ome. Thus, every one is well advised to practice this lifestyle and there are several ways for us to do this. Firstly, every one is expected to cultivate their awareness of saving energy. Then, we are also hoped to help our families and friends to live a lowcarbon life. Only by doing so can we hope to create a world where all humans enjoy a clean and tidy environment. (185words) ? 第一課 指代（ Reference） ? ? 在同一句中，代詞與其指代的前述名詞應(yīng)在人稱、數(shù)、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不確而造成的錯(cuò)句在寫作中是常見的，應(yīng)該注意以下幾種情況 ? 1．代詞與前述詞的人稱或數(shù)不符 ? Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper. ? 代詞 his應(yīng)改為 their， 與前述詞 students保持復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱的一致。 ? Each member of the board will have an opportunity to submit their own plan. ? 代詞 their應(yīng)改為 his，與前述詞 each member保持單數(shù)第三人稱的一致。 ? ? People have tried to fight against the influence of TV mercials, but it often proves useless. ? 代詞 it 在本句中并不指代前面的單數(shù)名詞influence，而是指 to fight against the influence of TV mercials （反對(duì)電視商業(yè)廣告）的這種努力，因此應(yīng)將 it的意義具體化， ? 此句可改為： People have tried to fight against the influence of TV mercials, but this effort often proves useless. ? one 和 you用于指代意義時(shí)的不同 ? If one wants to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet. ? 此句應(yīng)把代詞 one和 you的使用統(tǒng)一起來，有兩種改法： ? If one wants to excel in athletics, he should watch his diet. ? If you want to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet. ? 一般的規(guī)則是：用于泛指意義時(shí)， 常用 he (him, his)，用于特定意義時(shí)才用 you (you, your)。再如： ? When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities. ? 此句的改法同上，也有兩種改法，即： ? When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.（泛指） ? When you get married, you take on new responsibilities.(特指 ) ? 第二 垂懸修飾語(yǔ) ? （ Dangling Modifier） ? ? 垂懸修飾語(yǔ)是指一個(gè)句子中同其他詞沒有明顯修飾關(guān)系的成分。一般都出現(xiàn)在句子的句首，用作狀語(yǔ)。形式有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞 +動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)和省略性子句等四種。判斷該詞組是否為垂懸修飾語(yǔ)的基本原則是看它邏輯意義上的主語(yǔ)是否與所在句子的主語(yǔ)相一致，如不一致，該狀語(yǔ)就成了垂懸修飾語(yǔ)，試以下面二句為例： ? Hearing a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable. ? To remain healthy, a balanced diet is important. 在第一句，狀語(yǔ) hearing a number of amusing stories的邏輯主語(yǔ)并非句子主語(yǔ)our visit， 第二句中狀語(yǔ) to remain healthy與句子主語(yǔ) a balanced diet在邏輯意義也不一致。因此這兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)詞組都成了各自句中的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)，在意義上是錯(cuò)誤的，改正的方法有二： ? 1．修飾主句中的主謂語(yǔ)部分，使與修飾語(yǔ)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一致起來。如： ? Hearing a number of amusing stories, we thoroughly enjoyed our visit. ? To remain healthy, one needs a balanced diet. ? 2．修改垂懸修飾語(yǔ)部分，使其在邏輯上符合主句意義。 ? Since we heard a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable. ? If a person is to remain healthy, a balanced diet is important. ? 下面列舉四種形式的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)及兩種修改的辦法： ? 1．分詞短語(yǔ) ? 誤： Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach. ? 正： Looking out of the window, we found the grassland stretched as far as the eyes could reach. ? 正： If you look out of the window, you will find the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach. ? 2．介詞 +動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ) ? 誤： On entering the room, refreshments were being served. ? 正： On entering the room, I found that refreshments were being served. ? 正： When I entered the room, refreshments were being served. ? 3．不定式短語(yǔ) ? 誤： To play tennis well, the racket must be held properly. ? 正： To play tennis well, one must hold the racket properly. ? 正： If one wishes to play tennis well, he must hold the racket properly. ? 4．省略性子句 ? 誤： When only five years old, my father took me to a circus. ? 正： When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father. ? 正： When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus. ? 第三 平行結(jié)構(gòu)（ Parallelism） ? 在一個(gè)句子中，有幾個(gè)表達(dá)相近或相對(duì)意義的并列成分時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用詞性一致的排比結(jié)構(gòu)，這就是寫作中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)原則。這種結(jié)構(gòu)能使句子顯得嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，增強(qiáng)感染力。常見的平行結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種情況： ? 1．兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列單詞、短語(yǔ)、或句子用 and連接，在句中作同一成分，包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等皆可。如： ? 1）誤： Knowing how to study and learn to budget time is important for university students. 用 and連接的兩個(gè)并列 主語(yǔ)分別為動(dòng)名詞和不定式短語(yǔ)，詞性不一致，不是平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? 正： Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time is important for university students. ? 用 and連接的兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)詞性一致，都為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，符合平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求。 ? 2． 用于連接并列成分的連接詞除 and 外，常見的還有 either...or..., neither...nor..., both...and..., not only...but also...等復(fù)合連詞，但必須注意其連接部分的詞性成分必須相一致。 ? 1）誤： I hope either to spend my vacation in Beijing or Xi39。an. ? 連接成分不一致，前者為不定式短語(yǔ)，后者為名詞。 ? 正： I hope to spend my vacation either in Beijing or in Xi39。an. ? 連接成分相一致，都為介詞短語(yǔ)，用作狀語(yǔ)。 ? 或： I hope to spend my vacation in either Beijing or Xi39。an. ? 連接成分相一致，都為名詞，用作名詞 in的賓語(yǔ)。 ? 分，其詞性也應(yīng)該相一致。 ? 1）誤： Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than to play golf. ? 正： Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than playing golf. ? Jogging 與 playing相一致，都為動(dòng)名詞，作主語(yǔ)。