【導(dǎo)讀】10烏鴉有邏輯思維能力嗎？11二戰(zhàn)是如何影響英國(guó)女性就業(yè)的？27早期美洲人是如何到達(dá)美洲大陸的？32科學(xué)起源于什么時(shí)候？說原來的儀器有各種drawback。而幫助coffeegrower分析咖啡。

　　

【正文】 felt by the artists39。 patrons. We see several instances where the patron actually concedes to the will of the artist. In a case where a sculpture by Donatello was rejected, the patron(s) actually proceeds to give him some money for his troubles, an action which Gilbert suggests might have been to appease any possible problems the artist might bring up. In a series of letters between the Duchess of Milan and the Marquis of Mantua, the Marquis mentions difficulties in working with Mantegna, saying these masters have something of the fanciful about them, and it is best to take from them what one can get. In 1505, when Isabella d39。Este wanted a work by Giovanni Bellini, she was advised against very specific terms. She specified the theme, but left the poetic invention up to Giovanni. Thus we see a mutual respect being evident in artistpatron relations of the Renaissance. Some wellknown artists of the time, such as Mantegna, enjoyed courtly appointment and rubbed elbows with some of the most elite members of society, painting their portraits, discussing private collections of art, and even being included in those collections. Some might argue that artists gained fame by copying the styles that preceded them in tradition, but there is increasing evidence of personal involvement and style: Mantegna39。s hand was recognized among many in a fresco cycle in a church of Padua. The artistauthor Leon Battista Alberti emphasized drawing from nature, and not simply copying previous models. He expounds that the painter is like a god, wielding a divine power that es only through the constant study of the world about him. Patrons recognized this divine power in the Renaissance artists, and thereby gave them the relative aesthetic freedom that they deserved. 問題 Q1：一道題是主旨題 A1：選 C，說 ―discussing patron role in artist development之類的 答案基本上肯定， 疑惑項(xiàng) E ―說 patron影響 artist decision making‖，大家可先對(duì)比一下。 Q2：還有一道題，說是問 A和 B的觀點(diǎn)有什么相同之處 A2：都認(rèn)為贊助人對(duì)畫家干預(yù)不多吧 Q3：這個(gè)教堂的主教如何了 A3：選項(xiàng)有：這個(gè)主教是贊助人；這個(gè)主教不是贊助人，他只負(fù)責(zé)完成他被 assign的任務(wù)；這個(gè)主教全程密切監(jiān)視這個(gè)畫家的創(chuàng)作過程；這個(gè)主教對(duì)這位畫家可能畫在教堂頂?shù)膬?nèi)容表示不確定和懷疑；這個(gè)畫家的繪畫內(nèi)容可能違背教會(huì)的旨意啥的，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)記不清了 Q4：高亮題： ―即畫家可以按照自己的意愿進(jìn)行藝術(shù)創(chuàng) 造，但初稿完成后要拿給贊助商看，贊助商常常會(huì)有不同的意見，會(huì)要求畫家修改，畫家再拿回去改；贊助商也可以在之前提出建議意見要求什么之類的。 ‖這段話說明了什么 A4：畫家一開始完成的那個(gè)畫作的 form可能并不是最終的 form Q5：在什么情況下可以加強(qiáng)第一段的一個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn) A5：當(dāng)時(shí)贊助人選擇畫家都是只考慮商業(yè)價(jià)值 9 美國(guó)債務(wù)：從債權(quán)人到債務(wù)人 American Debt: from Creditor to Debtor 考古 V1 講美國(guó)從 creditor 變成 debtor 到底是好是壞。兩種理論，第一種說 是好，將其比喻成 rising corporation，但這種沒有考慮到美國(guó)的投資者都是用 portfolio（有一題）。第二種說是不好，比成 falling ones。第二種更有說服力。但兩者都沒有考慮美國(guó)的跨國(guó)公司所起到的作用（有題，意思是問兩種說法的共同點(diǎn)）。 V2 說美國(guó)是世界上負(fù)債最多的國(guó)家，一個(gè)學(xué)家說 1這是經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)勁的表現(xiàn)，說這是 2跨國(guó)公司在美國(guó)進(jìn)行直接投資的結(jié)果，作者說美國(guó)現(xiàn)在大部分的外國(guó)公司是間接投資（出題：是 in order to 的題，答案我選：反駁第一個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)）另一個(gè)學(xué)家說這是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的表 現(xiàn) …… ，最后作者說兩個(gè)理論都沒考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的因素（出題）問題 Q1：第一種說法缺陷在哪 A1：沒有考慮到美國(guó)的投資者都是用 portfolioQ2：兩種說法的共同點(diǎn) A2：兩者都沒有考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化 (globalization)所起到的作用 Q3： in order to題：作者說美國(guó)現(xiàn)在大部分的外國(guó)公司是間接投資的目的 A3：反駁第一個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn) (跨國(guó)公司在美國(guó)進(jìn)行直接投資的結(jié)果 ) 10 烏鴉有邏輯思維能力嗎？ Do Ravens Have the Ability of Logical Thinking? 考古 V1 開始講科學(xué)家通過試驗(yàn) ,發(fā)現(xiàn)烏鴉能夠通過一系列復(fù)雜的行為 (這部分內(nèi)容很復(fù)雜 ,但是對(duì)于做題根本沒有用 ,總之知道烏鴉這個(gè)行為表明了它能夠邏輯思考就行 )來獲取一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)放置的肉類 .這個(gè)表明了他們用邏輯思維能力 . 第二段就講很多動(dòng)物在試驗(yàn)中也可以一步一步的來獲取復(fù)雜放置的食物 .但是他們都是通過不斷試錯(cuò) (這里有一道題 )和研究人員在這個(gè)過程中每一步的食物鼓勵(lì)做到的 ,這個(gè)并不能說明這些小動(dòng)物有邏輯思維能力 .當(dāng)然 ,有一種針對(duì)烏鴉試驗(yàn)的反駁觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為烏鴉是在那個(gè)復(fù)雜行為中每一步發(fā)現(xiàn)肉更近了來獲得精神激勵(lì) ,(這里有道細(xì)節(jié)題 ,為反駁的觀點(diǎn)是什么 )不說明他們能邏輯思考 .作者反駁了這種觀點(diǎn) ,提出一個(gè)有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜的理由 .(總之知道作者不贊同就行了 ) 解釋 :這里的意思是 ,因?yàn)闉貘f在那個(gè)復(fù)雜的行為中 ,每做一步就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)肉離它更近了一點(diǎn) ,所以受到了精神上面的鼓勵(lì) ,所以才會(huì)這么一步一步做下去 .如果這個(gè)解釋成立的話 ,那么烏鴉就和那些在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中被研究人員一步一步用食物鼓勵(lì)的小動(dòng)物的行為沒有差別了 .那么這就說明了烏鴉沒有邏輯思維能力 ,只是一種覓食本能的反應(yīng) . 這種解釋就被用來反駁文章第一段中研究人員認(rèn)為烏鴉有邏輯思維能力的推論 .作者認(rèn)為這個(gè)解釋是不合理的 ,提出了一堆比較復(fù)雜的理由 ,認(rèn)為這個(gè)反駁是不成立的 . 第三段 ,后來研究人員又做了一個(gè)類似第一段的試驗(yàn) ,發(fā)現(xiàn)烏鴉并不具備邏輯思維能力 .因此 ,文章的結(jié)論是烏鴉是否具備邏輯思維能力還不確定 . 介紹的就是這個(gè)復(fù)雜的試驗(yàn) .看那篇報(bào)道對(duì)于理解這個(gè)試驗(yàn)很有幫助 .但是一定要注意 .JJ 上面那篇參考文章的觀點(diǎn)是烏鴉有邏輯思維能力 ,這篇考試文章的觀點(diǎn)是烏鴉有沒有邏輯思維能力還不確定 . V2 Just How Smart Are Ravens? Topic Categories: BehaviorPosted on: April 9, 2020 8:59 AM, by GrrlScientist tags: ravens, intelligence, behavior, birds, ornithology Common Raven, Corvus corax. Image: John James Audubon. Some of you know that Bernd Heinrich has spent many winters studying ravens and their behavior. This month, Heinrich and his colleague, Thomas Bugnyar, published an article in Scientific American that explores the intelligence of ravens. In this article, they investigate the question。 do the birds consciously contemplate alternative behaviors and choose the most appropriate ones, or are they merely relying on instinct or learning to perform specific actions by rote? They begin by noting that ravens are not the only birds that are reputed to behave intelligently. They state that other relatives of the ravens the corvids, such as crows, jays, magpies and nutcrackers appear to possess surprising and sophisticated mental abilities. They even mention that these birds39。 capacities appear to be equivalent to or to even surpass those of the great apes. For example, nutcrackers have the capacity to recall thousands of locations where they have cached food items a capacity that exceeds that of humans. Which leads us to ask。 do corvids rely on logic to solve problems or are they relying on instinct? Do corvids distinguish between each other and alter their behaviors accordingly? To more precisely determine the mental capacities of ravens, the largest of the corvids, Heinrich and Bugnyar designed several tests. The first experiment consisted of food hanging from a string below the bottom of the wire cage (pictured right, bigger). To get this treat, the bird had to reach down from a perch and grasp the string in its beak, pull up on the string, place the loop of string on the perch, step on this looped segment of string to prevent it from slipping down, then let go of the string and reach down again and repeat its actions until the morsel of food was within reach. They found that some adult birds would examine the situation for several minutes and then perform this m