【導(dǎo)讀】國名.地名.人名，名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：。2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes. 變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives. 4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities. 8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice. 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,passes,contents. customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊),times(時代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers,manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦。將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends. 前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house. 表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes. 表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather. 表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s. 3表示國家城市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry. 4表示工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory. 7某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send. 冠詞分為不定冠詞，定冠詞，和零冠詞。

　　

【正文】 directly, instantly 主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時；while 引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中 主句動詞為短暫性的。 地點狀語 where, wherever 原因狀語 because, as, since, now that because 語氣最強， since 較弱，表示大家都明了的原因， as 又次之。 條件狀語 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 從句中動詞時態(tài)不可用將來時，常用一般時代替 目的狀語 so that, in order that, for fear that so that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情態(tài)動詞 19 結(jié)果狀語 so…that, such…that 比較狀語 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式狀語 as if, as though, as as if 和 as though 引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。 讓步狀語 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever as 在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式； although和 though 用正常語序，可和 yet 連用，但不可和 but 連用 十二。倒裝句 種類 倒裝條件 例句 完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào) Out rushed the children. 表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 強調(diào)表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not 等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only 和修飾的 狀語放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also 連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neither…nor… 連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so…that, such…that 中的 so 或 such 及 修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或 nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。 He can play the piano. So can i. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health! 20 省略 if 的虛擬條件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 十三。虛擬語氣 類別 用法 例句 If 引導(dǎo)的條件從句 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句動詞：過去式（ be 用 were） 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If he were here, he would help us. 與過去事實相反 從句動詞： had+過去分詞 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 與將來事實相反 從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它狀語從句 as if 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that / so that 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動 詞用 can / could / may / might / would 等 +動詞原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 賓語從句 demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的從句中動詞為 should+動詞原形 He suggested that we not change our mind. wish 后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和 should/would+動詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反 I wish I could be a pop singer. 主語從句 在 It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語動詞用 should+動詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It is time that… 句型中動詞用過去式或 should+動詞原形 It’s high time that we left. would rather 所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only 句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望 If only our dream had e true! 21 十四。重要句型 1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task. 2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4. He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5. May you be in good health! 6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home! 7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deepset eyes. 8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience. 9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists. 12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields! 16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18. There goes the bell. 19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20. It is no use crying for help. 21. If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24. “He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.” 25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements. 22 十五。動詞搭配 1. add to 增加，增進 add … to 把 … 加進 … add up 相加 add up to 總計，所有這一切說明 1) I don39。t think these facts will ________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library. 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film. 4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up ) 2. break away from 打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉 break down 出毛病，身體 (精神 )衰弱，分解，拆開 break off 暫停，中斷 break in 強行進入，插話 break into 闖入 break into pieces 成為碎片 break out 爆發(fā) break up 搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期結(jié)束，拆散 break through 突破 1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried. 3) Don39。t break ________ while others are speaking. 4) Why don39。t you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ________? 6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by t