國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易外文翻譯6-國際貿(mào)易-資料下載頁
2025-01-19 08:24本頁面
【導(dǎo)讀】出口國在國際市場上對特定的商品擁有壟斷權(quán)的情況下，出口稅的目的是通過限制出口量來利用。的出口需求彈性絕對值的相反數(shù)得出的。對于出口稅的政治案件常常顯得尤為強(qiáng)烈并連帶著大型貨幣貶值。況下出口商得到意外收益，這些收益稅通常得到支持，同時(shí)也能促進(jìn)政府的收入。由于國內(nèi)價(jià)格相對貶值的影響是暫時(shí)的，應(yīng)。此外，貿(mào)易條件論證提出對特定商品征稅–該特定商品是在。菲律賓對這些問題提供了一個(gè)很好的例子。菲律賓是迄今為止世界上最大的椰子產(chǎn)品出。口國，最重要的是椰子油。這項(xiàng)稅收是不得人心的。此外，據(jù)稱該計(jì)劃的管理存在腐敗，其。該稅尚未恢復(fù)，1997年的亞洲危機(jī)和菲律賓貨幣貶。出口稅仍然是政府及其可能的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的政策選擇仍然是在菲律賓一個(gè)有爭議的問題。在菲律賓公眾的心目中，先前的出口稅可以理解為是與腐敗和。其次，因?yàn)橹匦乱脒@種稅，目前仍是菲律賓政府的政策選擇，這不僅僅是因。也為延伸出口退稅圍繞收入分配影響的一般分析提供了可能性。
【正文】 olitical reasons. The effect of an export tax by a small country under a petitive market structure causes the price in the exporting country to fall below the world price (Reed (2021), McCalla and Josling (1985)). Under this policy, producers in the exporting country will lose because they receive lower prices and exports decline. Consumers in the exporting country gain through lower prices and the government generates revenue. The effect of an export tax is different in the case of a large exporting country (., when a country faces a downward sloping residual demand curve). Having market power on the world ma rket, the export tax causes a reduction in domestic production。 thus, exports decline and the world price increases. In this case, consumers, producers and the government in the 14 exporting country can gain from this policy (Reed (2021), McCalla and Josling (1985)). Empirical studies on the effect of export taxes have been conducted by Akiyama (1992)。 Bruce and PerezGarcia (1992)。 Warr (1997)。 and Marks, Larson, and Pomeroy (1998). Akiyama (1992) examined the effect of an optimal tax on perennial crops (cocoa) in a large country case. In particular, his research focused on an optimal export tax and its implications on producer surplus and government reserves. His results showed that an export tax significantly affected the distribution of national welfare between farmers and the government, and also significantly affected the longrun production of cocoa. Bruce and PerezGarcia (1992) examined the economic impact of a . export tax on forest products using a petitive global trade model. Their results showed a loss of consumer welfare in the . and a large transfer of wealth from timber growers to processors. Warr (1997) conducted a similar study on Thailand’s rice export tax and calculated economic gains and losses. Finally, Marks, Larson, and Pomeroy (1998) analyzed the effect of an export tax for palm oil on the distribution of ine in Indonesia using a static model. They found that an export tax reduced the price of palm oil products, ceteris paribus, thus, benefiting consumers. In addition, they found that the tax lowered profits earned by palm oil producers, and that processors lost slightly as well. The government gained revenue from the export tax, but lost more revenue in the government’s role as owners of palm estates. Thus, the result was that the government lost with an export tax on palm oil. Our research extends their work by using a dynamic, time series model that assesses the short and long term consequences of the Indonesian palm oil export tax on petitiveness. Most of the above literature focused on the distributional effects of the export trade policy, namely, identifying who gains and who loses. In addition, most studies used general equilibrium trade models to identify and estimate policy impacts. Implicit in a general equilibriu m trade model is the assumption that all sectors are in equilibrium and sectors would return to equilibrium after the exogenous policy shock. In these models, plete demandsupply systems are estimated and the effects of particular trade policies are assessed using those estimated demandsupply parameters. One limitation of this approach is that it cannot capture the dynamic effects of particular trade 15 policies on variables in the model. In this study, econometric time series analysis is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of an export tax on export performance. A vector autoregressive (VAR) model is specified and the resulting impulse response function and the variance deposition are analyzed. The impulse response function reveals how export performance responds to “shocks” from other variables, such as an export tax. The variance deposition indicates the amount of variation in the forecasterror corresponding to export performance due to shocks from other variables. This approach has limitations since it cannot trace the spillover effects of a particular trade policy to other sectors and it does not take into account the plete demandsupply system for the sector. Despite these limitations, the vector autoregressive model provides a useful and unique perspective on the dynamics of trade policies
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