【正文】 126 prototypes (原型) for his newest vacuum before ing up with the design ________ made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put ________: You can39。t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention. In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don39。t like to admit to failure, partly because they have strongegos (自我) —particularly the senior doctors—and partly because they fear litigation (訴訟). The consequence is that ________ learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes ________ (repeat). According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. ________ healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.【答案】 if / when；To stretch；remaining；failing；What；which / that；it；instead of；are repeated；Until / Unless 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，只有先學會如何失敗，才能真正成功，作者用這個道理告訴美國的醫(yī)療保健部門只有學會積極面對失敗，醫(yī)療事故的情況才會好轉(zhuǎn)。 （1）考查狀語從句。句意：但矛盾的是，我們的孩子只有先學會如何失敗，才能真正成功。根據(jù)句意可知此處既可以用if引導條件狀語從句，表示如果……，也可用when引導時間狀語從句，表示當……的時候，故填if / when。 （2）考查非謂語動詞。句意：為了突破自己的局限，他們一直在努力。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示目的，應該用不定式做目的狀語，故填To stretch。 （3）考查非謂語動詞。句意：他們總是嘗試他們已經(jīng)做得很容易的動作，保持在他們的舒適區(qū)內(nèi)。They與remain之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動，用現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語，故填remaining。 （4）考查非謂語動詞。句意：在實踐中從不失敗會阻礙他們進步。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用動名詞做主語，故填failing。 （5）考查主語從句。句意：生活中的情況和滑冰的情況是一樣的。此處為主語從句，從句中缺少主語，故填What。 （6）考查定語從句。句意：詹姆斯戴森為最新款的吸塵器設(shè)計了5126個原型，然后才想出了這個讓他大賺一筆的設(shè)計。此處為定語從句，先行詞為design，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故填which / that。 （7）考查代詞。句意：正如戴森所說的：除非你測試新想法，并在事情出錯時學習，否則你不會開發(fā)出新技術(shù)，失敗是發(fā)明的基礎(chǔ)。as someone puts it固定句式。正如某人所說表示。put it表達......故填it。 （8）考查介詞短語。句意：結(jié)果是，醫(yī)療保健往往掩蓋失敗，而不是從失敗中吸取教訓。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示而不是，故填instead of。 （9）考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：其直接后果是一再地犯同樣的錯誤。陳述的是客觀事實，mistakes 與repeat之間是被動關(guān)系，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，故填are repeated。 （10）考查連詞。句意：除非醫(yī)療保健學會積極面對失敗，否則情況不會好轉(zhuǎn)（直到醫(yī)療保健學會積極面對失敗，情況才會好轉(zhuǎn)）。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示除非或直到，故填Until / Unless。 【點評】本題考點涉及狀語從句，非謂語動詞，主語從句，定語從句，代詞，介詞短語，時態(tài)語態(tài)以及連詞等多個知識點的考查，是一篇人生感悟類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合相關(guān)語法知識，進行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。11．閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 Chinese highspeed railways are a very fortable way to travel. They are clean, quiet and________(efficiency). China ________ (lead) other developing countries and even some developed ones in this field since the first highspeed train came into use in 2008. The stations are ________ (main) built outside the town center, but local transport has been lengthened ________ (connect) the highspeed network. The ________ (facility) on the train are new and the staff are well trained. Even the second class chairs provide plenty of space. The passages are wide and you can move easily, not ________ (disturb) anyone. You can use your mobile phone or work on your laptop, having access ________ the Internet. There is also a restaurant car, though the kinds of food ________ (be) limited. The toilets arc large, clean and userfriendly too. The train almost doesn39。t rock. Even when the train brakes, you can hardly feel it shake. What39。s more, with a faster checkin, the highspeed trains are also ________ (little) affected by weather than planes. Seldom are ________delayed or cancelled for weather condition. Therefore, they have bee the first choice for many passengers.【答案】 efficient；has led；mainly；to connect；facilities；disturbing；to；are；less；they 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了一種非常舒適的旅行方式——高速鐵路。 （1）考查形容詞。句意：它們干凈的、安靜的并且高效的。and是并列連詞，前面的clean, quiet都是形容詞，應用efficiency的形容詞形式，故填efficient。 （2）考查時態(tài)。句意：自2008年第一列高速列車投入使用以來，中國在這一領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先于其他發(fā)展中國家，甚至一些發(fā)達國家。since“自從”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用；lead 是不規(guī)則動詞，過去式led,過去分詞led。故填has led。 （3）考查副詞。句意：這些車站主要建在城鎮(zhèn)中心以外。修飾過去分詞built用副詞,故填 mainly 。 （4）考查非謂語動詞。句意：但當?shù)氐慕煌ㄒ呀?jīng)延長，以連接高速鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。此處用不定式作目的狀語， 故填to connect。 （5）考查名詞。句意：高鐵上的設(shè)施很新，工作人員受過良好的培訓。所填空在句子中作主語，根據(jù)謂語動詞are 可知,主語應該用復數(shù)形式，故填 facilities。 （6）考查非謂語動詞。句意：通道很寬，你可以輕松地走動，而不會打擾任何人。句子的謂語動詞是can move，故此處用非謂語動詞作狀語，disturb與邏輯主語you是主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語。故填disturbing 。 （7）考查介詞。句意：你可以使用手機或在筆記本電腦上工作，可以訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。have access to固定短語，“有使用/進入….的權(quán)利/機會”。故填to。 （8）考查主謂一致。句意：還有一節(jié)餐車，盡管食物種類有限。句子主語的中心詞是the kinds, 謂語動詞應該用復數(shù)形式，故填 are。 （9）考查副詞。句意：高鐵也比飛機更少地受到天氣的影響。根據(jù)后面的than可知little 應該用比較級，little的比較級是less，最高級是least，故填less。 （10）考查代詞。句意：他們很少被推遲或因天氣原因被取消。否定副詞seldom置于句首，句子應該用部分倒裝，將助動詞are提前, 所填空為句子的主語, 根據(jù)下一句they have bee the first choice可知應填they指代上一句出現(xiàn)的the highspeed trains。故填they。 【點評】本題考點涉及形容詞，時態(tài)，副詞，非謂語動詞，名詞，介詞，主謂一致，代詞等多個知識點的考查，是一篇科技類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合相關(guān)語法知識，進行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。 12．閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 In South Korea smartphone cases e with rings fixed on the back ________ (prevent) clumsy owners from dropping them. This makes people look like they are married to their phones. In lots of Seoul39。s coffee ________ (shop), couples on dates spend much more time looking at their screens ________ at each other. The results go beyond the ________ (potential) terrible consequences for romance. Walk around the streets of Seoul, and there is ________ real risk of bumping into people ________ eyes are glued to their smartphone screens. According to the statistics, around 370 traffic accidents annually ________ (cause) by pedestrians using smartphones. The government initially tried to fight the smombie (手機僵尸) phenomenon by distributing hundreds of stickers (貼紙) around cities, ________ (beg) people to be safe and look up. This seems to have had little effect even though, in Seoul at least, it recently replaced the stickers with stronger plastic boards. Instead ________ appealing to people39。s good sense, the authorities have therefore turned to trying to save them from being run over. Early last year, they ________ (begin) to test floorlevel traffic lights in smombie hotspots in central Seoul. Since then, the experiment has been extended around and beyond the capital. For the moment, the government is keeping oldfashioned eyelevel pedestrian lights as well. But in future, the way to look at a South Korea crossroads may be down