【正文】 he had been prescribed a cholesterollowering statin (他汀) medication, but she never picked up the prescription because of the scary things she had read about statins on the Internet. She was the victim of fake medical news. While misinformation has been the object of great attention in politics, medical misinformation might lead to an increase in deaths. As is true with fake news in general, medical lies tend to spread further than truths on the Internet—and they have very real bad consequences. False medical information can also lead to patients experiencing greater side effects through the nocebo effect (反安慰劑效應(yīng)) . Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention (干預(yù)) simply because they believe they will—that39。s the placebo effect (安慰劑效應(yīng)). The nocebo effect is the opposite. Patients can experience harmful effects because they anticipate them. This is very true of statins. In blinded trials, patients who get statins are no more likely to report feeling muscle aches than patients who get a placebo. Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs. What else is on the fake news hit list? As always, vaccines (疫苗) . False concerns that the vaccine may cause side effects have greatly reduced coverage rates. Cancer is another big target for pushers of medical misinformation—many of whom refuse alternative therapies. Though most people think cancer tumors are bad, they39。re actually the way your body attempts to contain the harmful cells, one fake news story reads. It warns that prescription medications lead to the uncontrolled cell mutations (變異) . Silicon Valley needs to face this problem. I am not a freespeech lawyer, but when human health is at risk, perhaps search engines, social media platforms and websites should be held responsible for promoting or hosting fake information. Meanwhile, journalists should do a better job of spreading accurate information.（1）We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ________. A.the woman paid little attention to her daily dietsB.the unhealthy lifestyle might lead to the woman39。s heart attackC.the symptom of the heart attack was familiar to the womanD.the woman didn39。t take the prescription due to fake medical news（2）According to the passage, the placebo effect functions because patients ________. A.neglect necessary treatmentB.discontinue the harmful drugsC.believe the benefits of an interventionD.suffer more side effects（3）What does the author mean by claiming that he is not a freespeech lawyer in the last paragraph? A.He is a lawyer very easy to speak to.B.He is good at speaking because of his job.C.He is available to give a speech on the law.D.He is very cautious when speaking something（4）The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A.remind us to take medication as prescribedB.warn us against fake medical news on the InternetC.encourage journalists to report more positive news eventsD.teach us how to distinguish fake medical news on the Internet【答案】 （1）D（2）C（3）D（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，通過舉例來論證了網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言，尤其是關(guān)于藥物的網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言有巨大的殺傷力。 （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的”...,but she never picked up the prescription because of the scary things she had read about stains on the Internet.她從來沒有拿過這個(gè)處方，因?yàn)樗诰W(wǎng)上看到關(guān)于他汀的可怕事情，可知，由于虛假的醫(yī)療信息，這名女子沒有服用那個(gè)處方藥。故選D。 （2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention simply because they believe they will— that39。s the placebo effect.”有時(shí)患者從干預(yù)中獲益僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈潘麄儠?huì)——這就是安慰劑效應(yīng)，可知，安慰劑效應(yīng)的作用是因?yàn)榛颊呦嘈鸥深A(yù)的好處。故選C。 （3）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)最后一段中的“I am not a freespeech lawyer, but when human health is at risk,perhaps search engines, social media platforms and websites should be held responsible for promoting or hosting fake information.”我不是一個(gè)言論自由的律師，但當(dāng)人類健康受到威脅時(shí)，或許搜索引擎、社交媒體平臺(tái)和網(wǎng)站應(yīng)該為推廣或提供虛假信息負(fù)責(zé)，可知，他不贊成隨口造謠、傳謠的，同時(shí)他說話很謹(jǐn)慎。故選D。 （4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“As is true with fake news in general, medical lies tend to spread further than truths on the Internet—and they have very real bad consequences.”就像假新聞一樣，醫(yī)學(xué)上的謊言在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳播得比真相還遠(yuǎn)，而且后果非常嚴(yán)重；以及文章中的例子可知，全文的主要目的是通過舉例來論證了網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言，尤其是關(guān)于藥物的網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言有巨大的殺傷力，來教我們?nèi)绾伪鎰e網(wǎng)上的假醫(yī)療新聞。故選B。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇生活類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，從而選出正確答案。8．閱讀理解 NASA has a new job listing, and it39。s no joke. The US space agency is looking for a joker to join their planned mission to Mars. A mission to Mars is no laughing matter. On average, the red planet is 140 million miles (225 million kilometers) away from Earth. A trip there would take around eight months in a small spacecraft. And Mars has a munications delay of 20 minutes. This means that astronauts will have to wait 20 minutes for a reply, when an emergency happens. When you39。re living with others in a confined space for a long period of time, such as on a mission to Mars, problems are likely to occur, Jeffrey Johnson, a scientist at the University of Florida, told The Guardian. This is probably why NASA wants an astronaut with a sense of humor. These are people that have the ability to pull everyone together, Johnson said. In stressful situations, perhaps humor is a way to know we aren39。t alone. By laughing together, we share our stress. Then we can focus on our jobs instead of just worrying. There are other examples of team clowns. One example is the journey to the South Pole led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. It was a difficult journey full of danger. Adolf Lindstrom, a cook at Amundsen39。s team, was a clown. He made people laugh through the whole journey. Amundsen later wrote that Lindstrom was the most valuable member of the team. But if you39。re hoping that your favorite TV edian will fly to Mars, that probably won39。t happen. Being funny won39。t be enough to land somebody the job, Johnson said. They also need to be an excellent engineer. Besides, they must be in top physical condition.（1）What is NASA39。s new job listing? A.A funny engineer.B.A talented clown.C.A good cook.D.A popular edian.（2）What does a confined space in Paragraph 3 refe