【文章內容簡介】 果通過蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土 就會收縮，但在水中硬化則會膨脹。 If it loses moisture(水份 ) by evaporation(蒸發(fā) ),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. （ 2）影響混凝土收縮的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級配以及環(huán)境條件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、 gradation(等級 ) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。 （ 3） 混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （ 4）混凝土不是熱的良導體，而鋼筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one. （ 5）在荷載作用期間，大約 80%的徐變產生在前 4個月內，大約 2年后完成 90%的徐變。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months。90%occurs after about 2 years. Unite 5 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） building code 建筑規(guī)范 （ 6） 隨機變量 random variation （ 2） stochastic analyse 隨機分析 （ 7） 半經驗公式 semiempirical equation （ 3） multistory building 多層建筑 （ 8） 風洞荷載 wind tunnel testing （ 4） codeprescribed data 規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值 （ 9） 持續(xù)活荷載 sustained live load （ 5） transient live load 瞬時活荷載 （ 10） 名義值 nominal value Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (. , dead load )or load surveys (. , live load and snow load). 該建筑代碼加載歷來給出標準值，根據(jù)材料的性質（如，恒載）或負載調查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎上確定。 (2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(嚴格來講 ), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機分析 ) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴 ). 由于載荷的隨機變化是時間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴格來說，應考慮到利用隨機分析，以反映時間和空間互相依賴。 (8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is monly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久設施 ) 活載，更準確的重力活荷載，即通常是結構上的負荷，不屬于永久性設施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。 (9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point intime live load. 在任意給定時間作用在結構上的活荷載也被稱作任一點時活荷載。 (10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value。 the maximum lifetime(50year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意時刻結構上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（ 50 年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴大。 Translate the following sentence into English. (1) 對某些荷載來說，結構的地理位置起重要作用。 The geographical location(地理位置 ) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads. (2) 風荷載既不是靜荷載也不是均勻變化的荷載，并且除了受周圍結構和地形影響外還受結構幾何形狀的嚴重影響。 At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景觀 ). (3) 風荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗來確定。 Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests. (4)特殊荷載及 荷載效應包括溫度變化、結構地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。 Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(溫度變化 ), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞擊 ), and blast(爆炸 ). (5)至少在理論上，結構上的恒載被認為是保持不變的。 In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant. Unite 6 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） the magnitude of the applied load 所施加負荷的大小 （ 6）懸掛結構 suspension structure （ 2） quasistatic loading 擬靜力荷載 （ 7）應力應變成正比 stress is proportional to strain （ 3） planar structure 平面結構 （ 8）結構的變形 the deformation of the structure （ 4） planar loading 平 面荷載 （ 9）分析模型 analytical model （ 5） plastic material 塑性材料 （ 10）彈性材料 elastic material Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示 ) the form, material, and manner of loading of a structure. 此外，滿足結構安全性、適用性、可行性以及美觀這一功能的需要決定了結構的形式，材料和加載方式。 (2) illustrates schematically(按圖說明 ) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and