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second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling腹板屈曲后強(qiáng)度 postbuckling strength of web plate第四篇:土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)1PlumbingIn general,plumbing refers to the system of pipes,fixtures,and other apparatus used inside a building for supplying water and removing liquid and waterborne pratice,the term includes storm water or roof drainage and exterior system ponents connecting to a source such as a public water system or a point of disposal such as public sewer system or a domestic septic tank or purpose of plumbing systems is,basically,ti bring into,and distribute within,a building a suplly of safe water to be used for drinking purposes and to collect and dispose of polluted and contaminated wastewater from the various receptacles on the premises without hazard to the health of , regulations,and trade pratices are designed to keep the water system separated from drainage systems。to prevent the introduction of harmful material such as chemicals, microorganisms, and dirt。and to the keep the water system safe under all operating protective codes also are designed to prevent flooding of drainage lines,provide venting of dangerous gases, and eliminate opportunities for backflow of dangerous waste water into the water is essential that diseaseproducing organisms and harmful chemicals be confined to the drainage the time of Moses man has been cautioned to dispose of his wastes safely, and cleanliness has been related to the availability ot water and associated with social man often lived near a water source that served as his water supply and drainage system in was also his receptacles with crude drains have been found in excavations in the Orkney Islands of Neolithic stone huts at least 10,000 years a water system and piping used as drainage fashioned of terracotta pipe were part of the royal palace of Minos in Crete, about palace also had a latrine with waterflushing reservoir and parable to it was developed in Europe until the 18th the equipment of the modern bathroom, though much improved with hot and cold water under pressure and less crude provisions for drainage, is in concept little different from the Minoan was out until the end of the 19th century that advance in plumbing practice were given serious attention as an integral part of building plumbing system includes two ponents, the piping that brings potable water into the building and distributes it to all fixtures and water outlets and the piping that collects the water after use and drains it to a point of safe a building is served by a public water system, the plumbing begins at the service connections required to make water available at outlets serving the fixtures or equipment within the premises in rural areas are not served by public water may include private dwellings, apartment houses, hotels, mercial centres, hospitals, institutions, factories, roadside stands, and water supplies have surface water or groundwater as their water system are almost entirely supplied with surface smaller munities and in certain areas groundwater is obtained from wells or semipublic, industrial, and privatepremise water systems frequently take water from wells