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on adaptor to TLRs is MyD88 Crucial proline residue in all TLR TIR domains, except TLR3 If substituted with histidine, no signaling occurs All TLRs likely have a MyD88 pathway (TLR3 is an exception) TLR4 has a MyD88 independent pathway as well,TLRs and TIR Domain,第十一頁,共二十三頁。,MyD88 knockout mice have no response to LPS MyD88 is essential to all inflammatory signaling pathways MyD88s, a splice variant of MyD88 down regulates the inflammatory response MyD88 interacts with TIR domain of TLR and recruits IRAK4, IRAK1 and TRAF6,MyD88 Adaptor,第十二頁,共二十三頁。,4 IRAKs known, IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAKM and IRAK4 IRAK are serine/threonine kinases IRAK4 phosphorylates IRAK1 IRAKM plays an inhibitory role in TLR signaling IRAK4 phosphorylates IRAK1 TRAF6 is a member