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為一種工具,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偅╥strate和彭特,2011)。美國(guó)是唯一一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,沒(méi)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的PPP國(guó)家計(jì)劃(istrate和Puentes,建設(shè)美國(guó)的2011未來(lái)的教育基金,2011)這是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)槟壳按蠹s25%的美國(guó)交通運(yùn)輸投資來(lái)自主要是從聯(lián)邦汽油稅,沒(méi)有自90年代初增加收集的聯(lián)邦資金,而且還減少通貨膨脹和節(jié)能高效的車潮(建設(shè)美國(guó)未來(lái)教育基金,2011)。資金其余部分來(lái)自州政府和地方政府(建設(shè)美國(guó)未來(lái)教育基金,2011)。因此,額外的交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)投資的需要是顯而易見(jiàn)的。但在這一環(huán)境下,購(gòu)買力平價(jià)才能發(fā)現(xiàn)尚未唄發(fā)掘的。相反,潛在的環(huán)境的特點(diǎn)是卻反政府和私人部門之間的信任,我們建議,為了在我們更可接受的運(yùn)輸手段,我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造更多的透明的分析工具,可以說(shuō)明在私營(yíng)和公共部門的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的開(kāi)發(fā)與維護(hù),參與的重要性。我們 還表明了,一個(gè)解決方案可能是開(kāi)始有效或可以長(zhǎng)期作用投資,通過(guò)將這些投資決策為可見(jiàn)公共事件類似于傳統(tǒng)的剪彩儀式,新建項(xiàng)目或設(shè)施。這基本上是在反恐努力做出的決定,以避免恐怖事件的慶祝和交通提供資金。另一個(gè)解決方案可能形成的政治團(tuán)體,類似于美國(guó)退休人員協(xié)會(huì)(AARP)或全國(guó)教育協(xié)會(huì)(NEA)這將游說(shuō)政治對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資決策和代表使他們更加明顯和有吸引力。另一解決方案,樂(lè)意發(fā)現(xiàn)教育公眾長(zhǎng)期的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資的重要性的新方法。在小學(xué)和中學(xué)的水平也許公民課包括公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的討論,從而能灌輸理解感和提供基本的和必要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資的公民責(zé)任。最后,存在一個(gè)需要重新考察和振興強(qiáng)大的政治和倫理基礎(chǔ)什么的公共利益的要求。我們或許應(yīng)該重新審視基本概念的“緊湊型”或“社會(huì)契約”,一個(gè)自由民主的社會(huì)的設(shè)想和要求。投資于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的基礎(chǔ)是一個(gè)重要的部分更廣泛的討論,我們可以合理的期望社會(huì)提供。現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候重新審視這些基本的政治哲學(xué)問(wèn)題并開(kāi)始有什么社會(huì)契約需要全國(guó)性的辯論。我們相信,這樣一個(gè)全國(guó)性的對(duì)話,再加上更系統(tǒng)的分析和方法體系,將導(dǎo)致一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的倫理和政治基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的長(zhǎng)期投資。這樣的投資是一個(gè)公平和合法的美國(guó)公民的期望。致謝本文的研究報(bào)告部分由國(guó)家科學(xué)基金資助(獎(jiǎng)0928550;自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的基于優(yōu)先級(jí)的橋梁基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的維護(hù);技術(shù),經(jīng)濟(jì),和規(guī)范性維度集成建模)。第二篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩對(duì)中國(guó)銀行業(yè)的影響顯現(xiàn) Lagging Indicators: China39。s Banks and the Slowdown摘要: Chinese banks39。 net ine surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world39。s secondlargest it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not nec...Chinese banks39。 net ine surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world39。s secondlargest it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not banks have a tendency to be lagging after a certain amount of time has passed will China39。s macro situation show up on the bottom , for example, bad 39。re finally growing, incrementally, after years of amp。 Commercial Bank of China Ltd., the nation39。s largest bank by assets, saw itsnonperforming loans rise by billion yuan(about $606 million)in the fourth quarter。China Construction Bank Corp., the bank on the mainland, reported a billion yuan rise in such of China Ltd.39。s bad loans in the fourth quarter rose billion yuan.(In China, nonperforming loans are those that have at least a 30% chance of turning sour.)Smaller banks also saw some increases in bad Minsheng Banking Corp., thecountry39。s largest nonstateowned bank, posted a rise of 200 million yuan in nonperforming loans in loans at Industrial Bank by 99 million yuan last tellingly, data from the Chinese banking regulator showed that the nonperforming loan ratio in the nation39。s banking sector edged up percentage point in the fourth quarter from the third quarter, the first rise in the past six regulator didn39。t give a reason, but the earnings reports from Chinese banks this week offered some cues: The property market might be the Construction Bank said among the total, its nonperforming loans related to the real estate sector surged 20% over the same Bank said the nonperforming ratio of its real estate financing businesses was %, well above its overall bad loan ratio of %.Home prices have been under pressure for about two years, but it39。s only now do we see a sign of it in banks39。 question is whether investors see a few more problem numbers down the three years starting 2009, banks in China issued a total of 25 trillion yuan ofrenminbidenominated loans, with roughly 40% of the lending going to governmentinitiated infrastructure projects and the property sector.39。The second quarter of this year will be one of the peak seasons for the repayment of property loans and local government a slowing economy, we can expect that higher nonperforming loans are on the cards,39。 GF Securities analyst Mu Hua said in a recent to Noah Wealth Management, a Chinese financial service pany, a total of billion yuan of property trust products will be due this year, well above the billion yuan last year, putting huge pressure on property developers39。 cash property, analysts say local government borrowings will present a bigger challenge to executives have estimated that a third of China39。s trillion yuan government debt will be due this year and the amp。 Poor39。s analyst Liao Qiang said he believes Beijing will likely give some regulatory forbearance to local government debt to prevent a surge in banks39。 bad loans.39。Nevertheless, property developers and manufacturers in industries with a supply glut will continue to face policyinduced refinancing uncertainties from time to time,39。 he in Hong Kong, China Construction Bank Chairman Wang Hongzhang said he39。s optimistic about the bank39。s asset quality, given China39。s economic growth is likely to remain solid.39。Nonperforming loan levels are though they are higher than before, the amount is small and [the rise] is likely to be temporary,39。 he FrancePresse/Getty Images中資銀行凈利潤(rùn)去年創(chuàng)下新高,似乎并沒(méi)有受到中國(guó)這一世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩的影響。這是否意味著,銀行業(yè)可以免受經(jīng)濟(jì)下行的影響呢?未必。銀行業(yè)的反應(yīng)往往有一定的滯后性。只有在一段時(shí)期后,中國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的影響才會(huì)在銀行的營(yíng)收中有所體現(xiàn)。以不良貸款為例。在下降趨勢(shì)持續(xù)了幾年之后,不良貸款的比例終于開(kāi)始上升,雖然漲幅不大。按資產(chǎn)總量計(jì)算,中國(guó)最大的銀行中國(guó)工商銀行(Industrial amp。 Commercial Bank of China Ltd.)(),中國(guó)第二大銀行中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行(China Construction Bank Corp.)。中國(guó)銀行(Bank of China Ltd.)。(在中國(guó),不良貸款指的是變成壞賬的幾率在30%以上的貸款。)規(guī)模較小銀行的不良貸款水平也在增長(zhǎng)。中國(guó)最大的非國(guó)有銀行中國(guó)民生銀行(ChinaMinsheng Banking Corp.)2011年不良貸款增加了人民幣2億元。興業(yè)銀行(Industrial Bank Co.)的不良貸款去年增加了人民幣9,900萬(wàn)元。更能說(shuō)明這一問(wèn)題的是,中國(guó)銀監(jiān)會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這是該比例過(guò)去六年來(lái)首次上升。銀監(jiān)會(huì)沒(méi)有給出原因,但是中資銀行本周發(fā)布的年報(bào)提供了一些線索:房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)可能是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。中?guó)建設(shè)銀行表示,在該銀行的所有不良貸款中,與房地產(chǎn)業(yè)有關(guān)的不良貸款同比上漲了20%。民生銀行說(shuō),%,%的總體不良貸款比例。兩年來(lái)住房?jī)r(jià)格一直在承受壓力,但直到現(xiàn)在我們才在銀行的年報(bào)中看到了相關(guān)跡象。問(wèn)題是,投資者是否看到了更多問(wèn)題數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)的可能性。從2009年到2011年這三年里,中資銀行共發(fā)放了25萬(wàn)億元以人民幣計(jì)價(jià)的貸款,其中約有40%的貸款流向了政府主導(dǎo)的基建項(xiàng)目和樓市。今年的第二季度將是房地產(chǎn)貸款和地方政府借貸的還款高峰期。廣發(fā)證券(GF Securities Co.)分析師沐華在最近的一份報(bào)告中說(shuō),由于經(jīng)濟(jì)減速,我們預(yù)計(jì)可能出現(xiàn)更多的不良貸款。中國(guó)的金融服務(wù)公司諾亞財(cái)富投資管理有限公司(Noah Private Wealth Management, 簡(jiǎn)稱:諾亞財(cái)富)說(shuō),共有1,,這給房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商的現(xiàn)金流造成了巨大壓力。分析人士說(shuō),除了房地產(chǎn),地方政府借的貸款將為銀行帶來(lái)更大的挑戰(zhàn)。據(jù)一些銀行高管估計(jì),有三分之一將在今明兩年到期。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾(Standard amp。 Poor)的分析師廖強(qiáng)說(shuō),中國(guó)中央政府可能會(huì)給予地方政府債務(wù)一定的寬限,以防不良貸款激增。他說(shuō),盡管如此,房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商以及供應(yīng)過(guò)剩行業(yè)的制造企業(yè)仍會(huì)不時(shí)地面臨由政策引發(fā)的再融資不確定性。中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行董事長(zhǎng)王洪章周一在香港說(shuō),考慮到中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)很可能繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng),他對(duì)該銀行的資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。他說(shuō),不良貸款的水平是可控的。即使是比以往有所增加,總量還是很小,而且增長(zhǎng)很可能也是暫時(shí)的。第三篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯譯文組織為留住員工的激勵(lì)理論以及它們的應(yīng)用的研究為什么必須要留住關(guān)鍵性的雇員?Fitzenz(1997年)提出,公司每失去10個(gè)管理上和專業(yè)上的員工就會(huì)損失100美元。算上直接成本和間接成本,