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性區(qū)不能吸收太多的能量在斷裂之前。然而,還有其他兩個激光焊接試樣的斷裂具有更高的吸收能量(約100 J)在?40176。C和?20176。C,分別。這可能是由于從缺口開始的裂縫,然后直接傳播的基礎(chǔ)材料。這些激光焊接試樣的吸收的能量被發(fā)現(xiàn)要比那些在相應(yīng)的測試溫度下的基材料的更高。這可能歸因于裂紋的彎曲的傳播路徑,從而增加了該地區(qū)的斷裂面相比,從基底材料中提取的試樣,從而增加了吸收的能量。曲線的旅行路徑可以在圖14中看到(乙)和(2)。所有的標(biāo)本中提取的基礎(chǔ)材料斷裂的方式,與缺口對準(zhǔn),與一個相對直的路徑,如圖14所示。5結(jié)論從這項工作中可以得出以下結(jié)論:(1)激光焊接過程中產(chǎn)生的可接受的焊縫焊接6毫米厚的鋼板508在較寬的范圍內(nèi)的焊接參數(shù)。焊縫無宏觀缺陷。(2)在焊接條件下,在一個6毫米厚鋼板的激光焊接SA508機械性能類似于自體GTA焊接性能。焊縫拉伸試樣斷裂在母材遠(yuǎn)離焊接區(qū)。(3)吸收能量的融合區(qū)的激光焊接被認(rèn)為是比母材,基于子尺寸夏比沖擊試樣。(4)為激光和GTA焊接試樣在熔合區(qū)和熱影響區(qū)的硬度,在焊接條件下,約為基體材料的雙,為激光焊接稍高的測量值(~ 430 )比GTA焊接(~ 410 )。(5)有限元模型的建立,在激光焊接過程中的冷卻速率的情況下預(yù)熱的20和40倍以上的馬氏體形成的臨界冷卻速度。這表明,馬氏體組織幾乎總是在SA508鋼作為激光焊接的后果。這些研究結(jié)果證實了實驗工作,其中在激光熔合區(qū)和熱影響區(qū)焊接焊接頭的組織被發(fā)現(xiàn)包括馬氏體混合一些自回火馬氏體。(6)而這些初步結(jié)果是令人鼓舞的,現(xiàn)在需要進(jìn)一步的工作來評估在焊后熱處理條件對SA508鋼激光焊接性能,而且同樣重要的是,這項工作擴展到評估在材料厚截面焊接接頭激光性能。參考文獻(xiàn)奧登《熱沖壓建模與仿真》(博士學(xué)位論文)呂勒奧理工大學(xué)(2006),倫茨,美國所言,《量身定制的性能,熱成型的一個關(guān)鍵問題》 ,(主編),《第三屆國際熱金屬片高性能鋼形成訴訟》,卡塞爾(2011),頁13–20施普林格出版社,柏林/海德堡/紐約(2002)貝謝,2003《鋼–顯微測定表觀粒度》(2003)貝倫斯等,《由薄板淬火模擬熱材料模型的驗證熱應(yīng)力》(1997),頁679–695 伯格曼和奧爾登堡,2004 《金屬板材成形熱機械分析的有限元模型》,59(2004),頁1167–1186 喬治《熱點一個量身定制的性能–實驗和建模實驗室規(guī)模的B柱成形》 奧爾登堡(主編),《國際會議上的熱金屬片高性能鋼》,奧爾巴赫(2011),頁31–37 《有限元模擬DES》北德寶馬集團,給姆比(主編),11。LSDYNA論壇,烏爾姆,德國(2012),頁84–86 (主編),7。厄蘭格車間埃朗根(2012),頁133–151 《間接熱沖壓過程的相變動力學(xué)建?!?,(主編),主題:鈑金2013重要的工程材料,549卷(2013),頁108–116瑞士(博士學(xué)位論文)蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工大學(xué),蘇黎世,瑞士(2012)侯德群,1938 討論“淬”馮射頻研究物理。合金鋼的淬透性(1938),頁55–56施韋特費格,:密度、熱收縮 鋼鐵研究,62(1991),頁24–33 《熱沖壓的回顧》,1997 《在低合金鋼組織和淬透性預(yù)測》巴刻德斯坦(主編),對鐵合金的相變國際會議(1983),頁125–148 馬爾堡,1959馬伯格,.《純鐵碳合金和普通碳鋼的奧氏體馬氏體相變的一般方程》金屬學(xué)報,7(1959),頁59–60 李等,2010 《端淬1045鋼奧氏體分解動力學(xué)模型》工程,527(2010),頁3186–3194 李等,1998 李紅五,《一種鋼的淬透性預(yù)測的計算模》1998),頁661–672第三篇:畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯經(jīng)濟增速放緩對中國銀行業(yè)的影響顯現(xiàn) Lagging Indicators: China39。s Banks and the Slowdown摘要: Chinese banks39。 net ine surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world39。s secondlargest it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not nec...Chinese banks39。 net ine surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world39。s secondlargest it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not banks have a tendency to be lagging after a certain amount of time has passed will China39。s macro situation show up on the bottom , for example, bad 39。re finally growing, incrementally, after years of amp。 Commercial Bank of China Ltd., the nation39。s largest bank by assets, saw itsnonperforming loans rise by billion yuan(about $606 million)in the fourth quarter。China Construction Bank Corp., the bank on the mainland, reported a billion yuan rise in such of China Ltd.39。s bad loans in the fourth quarter rose billion yuan.(In China, nonperforming loans are those that have at least a 30% chance of turning sour.)Smaller banks also saw some increases in bad Minsheng Banking Corp., thecountry39。s largest nonstateowned bank, posted a rise of 200 million yuan in nonperforming loans in loans at Industrial Bank by 99 million yuan last tellingly, data from the Chinese banking regulator showed that the nonperforming loan ratio in the nation39。s banking sector edged up percentage point in the fourth quarter from the third quarter, the first rise in the past six regulator didn39。t give a reason, but the earnings reports from Chinese banks this week offered some cues: The property market might be the Construction Bank said among the total, its nonperforming loans related to the real estate sector surged 20% over the same Bank said the nonperforming ratio of its real estate financing businesses was %, well above its overall bad loan ratio of %.Home prices have been under pressure for about two years, but it39。s only now do we see a sign of it in banks39。 question is whether investors see a few more problem numbers down the three years starting 2009, banks in China issued a total of 25 trillion yuan ofrenminbidenominated loans, with roughly 40% of the lending going to governmentinitiated infrastructure projects and the property sector.39。The second quarter of this year will be one of the peak seasons for the repayment of property loans and local government a slowing economy, we can expect that higher nonperforming loans are on the cards,39。 GF Securities analyst Mu Hua said in a recent to Noah Wealth Management, a Chinese financial service pany, a total of billion yuan of property trust products will be due this year, well above the billion yuan last year, putting huge pressure on property developers39。 cash property, analysts say local government borrowings will present a bigger challenge to executives have estimated that a third of China39。s trillion yuan government debt will be due this year and the amp。 Poor39。s analyst Liao Qiang said he believes Beijing will likely give some regulatory forbearance to local government debt to prevent a surge in banks39。 bad loans.39。Nevertheless, property developers and manufacturers in industries with a supply glut will continue to face policyinduced refinancing uncertainties from time to time,39。 he in Hong Kong, China Construction Bank Chairman Wang Hongzhang said he39。s optimistic about the bank39。s asset quality, given China39。s economic growth is likely to remain solid.39。Nonperforming loan levels are though they are higher than before, the amount is small and [the rise] is likely to be temporary,39。 he FrancePresse/Getty Images中資銀行凈利潤去年創(chuàng)下新高,似乎并沒有受到中國這一世界第二大經(jīng)濟體經(jīng)濟增速放緩的影響。這是否意味著,銀行業(yè)可以免受經(jīng)濟下行的影響呢?未必。銀行業(yè)的反應(yīng)往往有一定的滯后性。只有在一段時期后,中國宏觀經(jīng)濟形勢的影響才會在銀行的營收中有所體現(xiàn)。以不良貸款為例。在下降趨勢持續(xù)了幾年之后,不良貸款的比例終于開始上升,雖然漲幅不大。按資產(chǎn)總量計算,中國最大的銀行中國工商銀行(Industrial amp。 Commercial Bank of China Ltd.)(),中國第二大銀行中國建設(shè)銀行(China Construction Bank Corp.)。中國銀行(Bank of China Ltd.)。(在中國,不良貸款指的是變成壞賬的幾率在30%以上的貸款。)規(guī)模較小銀行的不良貸款水平也在增長。中國最大的非國有銀行中國民生銀行(ChinaMinsheng Banking Corp.)2011年不良貸款增加了人民幣2億元。興業(yè)銀行(Industrial Bank Co.)的不良貸款去年增加了人民幣9,900萬元。更能說明這一問題的是,中國銀監(jiān)會的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這是該比例過去六年來首次上升。銀監(jiān)會沒有給出原因,但是中資銀行本周發(fā)布的年報提供了一些線索:房地產(chǎn)市場可能是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。中國建設(shè)銀行表示,在該銀行的所有不良貸款中,與房地產(chǎn)業(yè)有關(guān)的不良貸款同比上漲了20%。民生銀行說,%,%的總體不良貸款比例。兩年來住房價格一直在承受壓力,但直到現(xiàn)在我們才在銀行的年報中看到了相關(guān)跡象。問題是,投資者是否看到了更多問題數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)的可能性。從2009年到2011年這三年里,中資銀行共發(fā)放了25萬億元以人民幣計價的貸款,其中約有40%的貸款流向了