【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ：①觀察、實驗和社會調(diào)查：這些都是取得第一手資料的重要途徑。②文獻檢索：文獻檢索是廣泛收集第二手資料的途徑。Ⅰ、（理解）根據(jù)文獻加工程度不同，可將文獻分為四類——零次文獻、一次文獻、二次文獻、三次文獻。零次文獻，是指未曾公開于社會、僅在交談和會議交流中傳播、只為個人或某一團體所用的、尚未發(fā)表和出版的文獻。如私人筆記、文章草稿、會議記錄。一次文獻，是指作者根據(jù)自己的實踐經(jīng)驗和研究成果所撰寫的、發(fā)表自己的認(rèn)識和觀點的著作和文章。如專著、教材、論文、研究報告。二次文獻，是指按照一定規(guī)范，對一次文獻進行分類、梳理、加工提煉而使之依照一定系統(tǒng)或方式，組織起來所形成的文獻。如書目、簡介、文摘、綜述。三次文獻，是指以一次文獻和二次文獻為基礎(chǔ)，對原始文獻資料進行廣泛、深入分析研究后，綜合、濃縮、加工而成的文獻。如專題評述、專業(yè)年鑒、動態(tài)研究。Ⅱ、文獻檢索的方法：：是文獻檢索中使用最普遍、最基本的方法。目前最常用的檢索工具有書目、索引、文摘、辭書。： ：作文小作文一、倡議書格式：倡議書為XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,XXX向XXX提出倡議：一、內(nèi)容概括：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。二、內(nèi)容概括：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。三、內(nèi)容概括：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。XXXXXXX年XX月XX日二、通報格式：XXX關(guān)于表彰XXX的通報X發(fā)〔2015〕X號XXX各科室、各直屬單位：事跡XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫詳寫XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。評價XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX略寫。為此，XXX決定給予XXX通報表揚，以資鼓勵。希望全體干部和職工XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX不要有感情XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。XXXXXXX年XX月XX日大作文一、調(diào)查報告：關(guān)于XXX的調(diào)查報告前言（調(diào)查的基本情況，包括調(diào)查的目的、XXXXXXXX對象、XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 范圍、XXXXXXXXXXX內(nèi)容、XXXXXXXXX時間、XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX地點、XXXXX方式、背景等XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。一、現(xiàn)象——提出問題（是什么）（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。二、原因——分析問題（為什么）（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。三、措施——解決問題（怎么辦）（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。XXXXXXX年XX月XX日第三篇：英語應(yīng)用文寫作英語應(yīng)用文寫作范文 ，學(xué)校答應(yīng)派車送她去機場。她在臨行前一天寫了張便條提醒辦公室李老師： 1)．請檢查(check on)明天的車是否落實，提醒司機(remind )。2)．她之所以要確定一下，是因為太早不好叫出租車。3)．感謝費心，并感謝一年來的關(guān)心。4)．在學(xué)校一年來，生活愉快、難忘，很可能再來。5)．留下一些英語書給貴校圖書館，希望對學(xué)生有用。字?jǐn)?shù)：100—120個詞。hi, , yours lynne ，最近國內(nèi)一家英文報紙正在討論北京動物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級討論的情況。請你給該報寫一封信，反映討論結(jié)果。贊成遷出： 反對遷出：①．游客多，交通堵塞 ①．建于1906年，中外聞名②．郊區(qū)環(huán)境好 ②．搬遷易造成動物死亡注意：1)．詞數(shù)100字左右，信的開頭已為你寫好。2)．可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。3)．參考詞匯： 郊區(qū)—suburb june 3 ,2005 dear editor , recently, our class have had a heated discussion about whether the beijing zoo should be moved out of the of my classmates are in favor of the say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic also say that once moved, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the , other students are against the idea, saying that the beijing zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well –known at home and it should remain where it ’s more, moving may cause the death of some move or not, this is a big decision which has to be made by people in truly, li hua ，是英國諾丁漢大學(xué)的中國留學(xué)生。你負(fù)責(zé)為在該校就讀的32名中國學(xué)生籌劃圣誕節(jié)期間的蘇格蘭之行，為期7天，請你給諾丁漢的sta（students’travel agency）經(jīng)理phil發(fā)一封電子郵件，聯(lián)系有關(guān)事宜。要點如下：（1）希望能夠派車接送；（2）需要一名說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語，并非常熟悉蘇格蘭的導(dǎo)游；（3）請求告知旅行日程及就餐、旅館、費用等情況；（4）你的聯(lián)系方式：電子郵箱地址：07747745007 注意：（1）詞數(shù)：100詞左右；（2）開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫出，不計入總詞數(shù)； yours ，希望結(jié)識一位中國朋友，以便學(xué)習(xí)中國的語言、文化。假設(shè)你是重慶實驗中學(xué)的李華，請在看到這則啟事后，用英文給david發(fā)出一封電子郵件。主要內(nèi)容包括：①.你怎樣得知他的愿望 ②.你愿意成為他的朋友 ③.你打算如何幫助他 ④.你盼望他的回復(fù) 注意：詞數(shù)：100詞左右 dear david，i am am glad to read your notice on the internet and i know you want to make friends with a chinese in order to learn the chinese language and want to be your i’d like to introduce myself to was born in chongqing in 1990，i study in the experimental middle school of chongqing and i am good at think i can help you to know about china by sending ’s more，we can have chats on the internet in chinese or english and i’ll tell you the customs，the festivals，the foods， the hope we can keep in touch with each am looking forward to your , lihua ，對近年來大學(xué)畢業(yè)生就業(yè)情況頗有已見，請根據(jù)下面提供的信息向報社寫信談?wù)勀愕目捶?。字?jǐn)?shù)100左右。開頭已給出。學(xué)生心態(tài) 向往城市，不愿下鄉(xiāng)。就業(yè)現(xiàn)狀 城市人才過剩；農(nóng)村渴求人才。就業(yè)前景 農(nóng)村天地廣闊，可施展才華。dear editor, i am writing to you to talk about taking up occupations for college many graduates are looking forward to obtaining employment in big cities, not willing to work in the a matter of fact, there are not enough opportunities to satisfy most of the hunters in big cities while in the countryside talented people are badly needed and a lot of posts are waiting for areas are a vast world, where you can put your abilities to good use and you’ll be able to make greater contributions to the building of new , i believe we can have as bright a future in the country as we have in the , li hua ，你的叔叔三十年前離開家鄉(xiāng)去了美國。不久前，他觀看china report節(jié)目，得知中國決定加大建設(shè)社會主義新農(nóng)村的力度，感慨萬分，于是發(fā)了一份給你，詢問近來家鄉(xiāng)的變化情況。請根據(jù)內(nèi)容和提示要點，給你叔叔做簡要回復(fù)。開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出。日期：20032006 發(fā)件人：wangguifu 收件人：主題：t0 xiaodong dear xiao dong how are you doing? the other day when 1 was watching china report cctv at home, i was excited to learn that the chinese government is calling on her people to speed up the reconstruction of their report at once took my thoughts back to the small village i once lived time flies!.it is 30 years since i left my home must have changed a you please write and tell me something about its changes? remember me to your parents!yours，wang guifu ：①．叔叔離家后，家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。②．生活條件愈來愈好。③．房子大而寬敞，許多人住進了設(shè)施齊全的公寓。④．裝了電話，買了彩電、洗衣機、冰箱等。⑤．寬敞的道路連接了村莊和城鎮(zhèn)。⑥．買了拖拉機、卡車和汽車。⑦．學(xué)校教育良好。⑧．政府重視農(nóng)村城市化建設(shè)。要求：1)、詞數(shù)：100左右。2)、可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。dear uncle , i’m very glad to receive your government cares very much about the reconstruction of our are speeding up the citifying of the xiao dong ，2007年4月2日發(fā)出。內(nèi)容如下：① 時間：4月5日晚上7點。②地點：3號樓103房間。③ 內(nèi)容：學(xué)生宿舍安全問題：安全用電、火災(zāi)應(yīng)變、防止失竊等。④ 參加人員：每間寢室一名同學(xué)。⑤ 要求：帶筆記本，按時到場，做好記錄，并傳達給室友。注意：1）通知的格式已經(jīng)為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)；2）詞數(shù)：100左右。參考詞匯：學(xué)生宿舍 dormitory，盜竊theft（n.）notice a meeting is going to be held in room 103 of building 3 at 7 on the evening of april to be talked about at the meeting include the safety of the dormitories, proper use of electricity, what to do in case of fire, prevention of theft and so member of each dormitory is required to be should take notebooks with them and arrive on should take notes carefully and after the meeting they are to inform their roommates of what is discussed and what measures will be 2nd, 2007 ，是一位成績優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生，你班班主任在安排座位時，讓成績好的學(xué)生和成績差的學(xué)生作同桌，這在你們班成績優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生中引起了反響，團活課上大家就此進行了討論?，F(xiàn)在請你根據(jù)下表把討論結(jié)果向班主任寫一封信反映一下，并說出自己的觀點。贊同 反對 你的觀點1．人人有長處和不足，成績差的學(xué)生也有可取之處； 2．相互學(xué)習(xí)，建立友誼； 3．通過幫助學(xué)習(xí)差的學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)從而使他們建立自信。1．部分學(xué)習(xí)差的學(xué)生常常違反校規(guī)校紀(jì)，擔(dān)心自己會受影響，養(yǎng)成壞習(xí)慣。2