【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 , the lower the probabilities of all those fire scenarios that will lead to an undesirable oute. ? 這里有一點(diǎn)比較重要，需引起我們的注意。 ? 顯然，某一防滅火技術(shù)或管理措施成功或失敗的可能性可能影響到所有或全部火災(zāi)場(chǎng)景發(fā)生的可能性。 ? 某一防滅火技術(shù)或管理措施失敗的可能性越低，則那些導(dǎo)致不希望發(fā)生后果的火災(zāi)場(chǎng)景發(fā)生的可能性就越低。 ? For example, if Event D is not the desired end point, then lower probabilities of failure of fire protection measures will lead to a lower probability of the undesirable fire Scenario A–B–D. If the probabilities of failure of the two fire protection measures are reduced to , the probability of the undesirable Scenario A–B–D is reduced to . 將 防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施視為“火災(zāi)阻礙措施” ? 在建筑火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的過(guò)程中，可基于以下五個(gè)重要事件來(lái)構(gòu)建事件樹： １ .起火－ fire ignition, － fire growth, － smoke spread, － failure of occupants to evacuate, 5消防人員響應(yīng)失敗－ failure of fire department to respond (Yung and Benichou, 2023). ? 將它們視為重要事件是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)事件都與火災(zāi)發(fā)展的主要階段或危害有關(guān)。 Fire Protection Measures as Fire Barriers ? For fire risk assessments in buildings, the event tree can be constructed based on the following five major fire events. ? They are considered major events because each is related to a major phase of fire development and hazard: fire ignition, fire growth, smoke spread, failure of occupants to evacuate, and failure of fire department to respond (Yung and Benichou, 2023). ? 1. 起火是初始事件，比如煙蒂引燃臥室床上物品或引燃起居室的沙發(fā)。防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施包括防火教育、控制火源、使用阻燃材料等，這些都將降低起火的可能性和相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? 1. Fire ignition is the initiating event, such as cigarette ignition of a couch in a living room or a mattress in a bedroom. Fire protection measures include fire prevention education, or the use of fireretarded material in furniture, which would help to reduce the probability of occurrence of this event and the consequential risks. ? 2. 火勢(shì)增長(zhǎng)是第二個(gè)重要事件，這個(gè)過(guò)程包括多種火勢(shì)增長(zhǎng)類型，比如陰燃火災(zāi) (smouldering fires)或轟燃后的全盛期火災(zāi) (postflashover fires)。 ? 防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施包括噴水系統(tǒng)、防火分隔和帶有自閉器的門，這些措施能夠控制或限制火勢(shì)并降低其相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低的程度決定于這些火勢(shì)增長(zhǎng)控制措施的可靠性和有效性 (reliability and effectiveness)。 ? 2. Fire growth is the second event, which includes various types of fire growths, from fires developing into smouldering fires to fires developing into postflashover fires. ? Fire protection measures include sprinklers, partmentation and door selfclosers, which would help to contain these fires and reduce their consequential risks. ? The reduction in risk depends on the reliability and effectiveness of these fire control systems. ? 3. Smoke spread to critical egress routes and other locations in a building is the third event. Fire protection measures include door selfclosers, smoke control, and stairwell pressurization, which would help to contain the smoke and reduce its consequential risks. ? The reduction in risk depends on the reliability and effectiveness of these smoke control systems. ? 3. 煙氣傳播到疏散必經(jīng)的路徑上或傳播到建筑內(nèi)某些位置上，是第三個(gè)重要的事件。防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施包括帶有自閉器的門、防排煙系統(tǒng)和疏散樓梯間 /前室的加壓送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)等，這些措施有助于將火災(zāi)產(chǎn)生的煙氣限制在一定空間內(nèi)或排出到建筑外，從而降低其相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低的程度決定于這些控?zé)煷胧┗蛳到y(tǒng)的可靠性和有效性 (reliability and effectiveness)。 ? ，它通常是火或煙氣傳播到疏散路徑上的結(jié)果。 ? 防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施包括感煙、感溫等火災(zāi)報(bào)警器、語(yǔ)音通訊設(shè)備、被保護(hù)的疏散通道、避難區(qū)或避難層、應(yīng)急響應(yīng)教育和疏散演練，這些措施能夠向人員提供火災(zāi)的早期報(bào)警，安全的疏散通道，快速的應(yīng)急響應(yīng)和迅速的疏散，疏散到暫時(shí)安全的避難區(qū)域或疏散到著火建筑外。 ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低的程度決定于早期報(bào)警系統(tǒng)和疏散通道保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的可靠性和有效性，常規(guī)的人員應(yīng)急響應(yīng)教育和疏散演練的實(shí)施貫徹情況。 ? 4. Failure of occupants to evacuate as a result of the spread of fire and smoke to egress routes is the fourth event. ? Fire protection measures include smoke alarms, voice munication, protected egress routes, refuge areas, and evacuation training and drills, which would help to provide early warnings to occupants, safe egress routes, quick occupant response and evacuation to either exit the building or to seek temporary protection in refuge areas. ? The reduction in risk depends on the reliability and effectiveness of these early warning and evacuation systems and the implementation of regular occupant training and evacuation drills. ? ，即消防人員沒能及時(shí)響應(yīng)，趕至火場(chǎng)解救被困人員和實(shí)施滅火。 防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施包括向消防部門的火災(zāi)早期報(bào)警裝置和足夠的可調(diào)配滅火資源。可調(diào)配的滅火資源一般不完全是火災(zāi)安全工程項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容，但卻是火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估過(guò)程中需要考慮的因素。 ? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低的程度決定于向消防部門早期火災(zāi)報(bào)警裝置的可靠性和可調(diào)配滅火資源的充分程度。 ? 5. Failure of fire department to respond in time to rescue any trapped occupants and control the fire is the fifth event. Protection measures include early fire department notification and adequate fire department resources. ? The reduction in risk depends on the reliability of early notification and adequacy of fire department resources. ? Except for the occupants in the room of fire origin, all of the above five major hazardous events must occur before a fire can cause harm to the occupants. Each of the five hazardous events, however, can only happen if the fire protection measure for that event fails to prevent that event from happening. The fire protection measure for each event, therefore, can be viewed as a major barrier to that event. ? 除了起火房間內(nèi)的人員，所有以上五個(gè)重要的危害性事件必須全部發(fā)生才能對(duì)人員產(chǎn)生損害，使其受傷或?qū)е氯藛T死亡。只有在針對(duì)某一重要危害性事件的防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施失效或失敗的條件下，這一危害性事件才能夠發(fā)生。因此將針對(duì)某一危害性事件的防、滅火技術(shù)或管理措施視為“針對(duì)這一重要火災(zāi)事件的重要阻礙措施” (a major barrier to that event)。 ? 如圖 ，在發(fā)生火災(zāi)和使人員受到傷害之間，可以有五種“重要阻礙措施”。阻礙人員疏散失敗的措施即為方便人員疏散成功的措施。阻礙消防人員響應(yīng)失敗的措施即為方便消防人員成功響應(yīng)的措施。 ? Potentially, there can be five major barriers between a fire and the people, as depicted in Figure . The barrier to prevent failure of occupant to evacuate is to facilitate occupant evacuation. The barrier to prevent failure of fire department to respond is to facilitate fire department response. ? 應(yīng)注意的是，每一個(gè)“重要的阻礙措施”是由一系列單獨(dú)的阻礙措施組成的，一個(gè)“重要的阻礙措施” 失敗的原因可能是這些單獨(dú)的“阻礙措施”部分或全部失效的結(jié)果，要具體進(jìn)行分析。 ? 比如，火災(zāi)增長(zhǎng)的“重要的阻礙措施” 可能包括自噴系統(tǒng)、耐火分隔和帶有自閉器的門等。 ? 顯然，在某一建筑中往往并不同時(shí)全部具備以上五種“重要的阻礙措施”。具體可能具有哪些“火災(zāi)阻礙措施”決定于建筑規(guī)范的要求和建筑防火設(shè)計(jì)和管理情況。但應(yīng)該說(shuō)， 一個(gè)建筑具有的“火災(zāi)阻礙措施” 越多，具有的“火災(zāi)阻礙措施”越有效，其火災(zāi)安全情況就會(huì)越好。 ? Obviously, not all of these fire barriers are necessarily put in place in any building. How many are put in place depend