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Social Security Systems , November 1999 ? Averting the Old Age Crisis Provided an invaluable service in drawing attention to this problem and in discussing specific policy changes to address the issue. Unfortunately, as often happens, the suggestions have e to be viewed narrowly─focusing on a second pillar limited to a private, nonredistributive, defined contribution approach. Most of the arguments in favor of this particular reform are based on a set of myths that are often not substantiated in either theory or practice.() ? In developing economies, there is not, we would argue, any presumption in favor of the conventional wisdom─a privately managed, defined contribution system. Less developed countries usually have less developed capital markets, with less informed investors and less regulatory capacity, making the scope for potential abuse all the greater.() Modigliani ? Modigliani/Muralidhar, Rethinging Pension reform,2023 ? In many case, the reforms that emphasize threepillar systems(with a funded, mandatory DC relying on individual accounts as a second pillar anchor) will lead to an enormous waste of resources and run the risk of leaving individuals with poor balances in their DC accounts while enriching asset managers.(P222) Nicholas Barr ? Reform pension: Myths, Truths, and Policy Choices, 2023 IMF Working Paper WP/001/139, 2023 ? ……individual funded accounts leave the individual facing most of the risk, in particular of differential pension fund performance. The individual may also face the inflation risk, though this can be shared partly or wholly with the taxpayer if the state provides indexation. Occupational schemes (frequently found in the United Kingdom) are often definedbenefit, thus sharing risks more broadly.(~42) 胡勝正、 許振明、 單驥、陳聽(tīng)安、 符寶玲、余雪明、楊通軒 胡勝正 ? 國(guó)民年金制度對(duì)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄的影響,載:國(guó)民年金制度委託研究報(bào)告彙編,行政院經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)委員會(huì)編印, 1998年 6月 ? 國(guó)民年金制度可說(shuō)是以社會(huì)儲(chǔ)蓄代替?zhèn)€人儲(chǔ)蓄。他的儲(chǔ)蓄效果受到三個(gè)因素的影響,第一是準(zhǔn)備提存制度與政府補(bǔ)助金額,第二是理性與「感性(短視)」人口的數(shù)目,第三是人口老化趨勢(shì)。 ? 所謂「理性」人口是指那些有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的,知道規(guī)劃終身消費(fèi)的人們, ……。所謂「感性」或短視人口是指那些由於短視、資訊不足、流通性限制(借不到錢(qián) )、或力不從心,只根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則 (Rule of Thumb)決定消費(fèi)。 ? ……對(duì)理性人口而言,國(guó)民年金儲(chǔ)蓄與個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄是替代品,一塊錢(qián)的國(guó)民年金儲(chǔ)蓄排擠一塊錢(qián)的個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄,對(duì)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄沒(méi)有影響。 ? 如上所述,「感性 (短視 )」人口的消費(fèi)乃決定於當(dāng)前可支配所得。全額儲(chǔ)備制國(guó)民年金雖然不影響他們的恆常所得或終身資源,但降低他們的當(dāng)期可支配所得,迫使他們減少消費(fèi)。因此,全額儲(chǔ)備制國(guó)民年金對(duì)兩類(lèi)人口的總儲(chǔ)蓄效果是正的。 ( ─ 6~六 ─ 7 ) 胡勝正 ? 國(guó)民年金制度對(duì)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄的影響,載:國(guó)民年金制度委託研究報(bào)告彙編,行政院經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)委員會(huì)編印, 1998年 6月 ? 隨收隨付制因?yàn)槭且粋€(gè)代間移轉(zhuǎn)的制度,受人口變遷的影響很大,隨人口老化, 65歲以上人口比例升高,繳費(fèi) (2564歲 )人口的保費(fèi)必然變重。 ……保費(fèi)的上升將增強(qiáng)隨收隨付制國(guó)民年金的儲(chǔ)蓄排擠效果。 (六 ─7) ? 在完全儲(chǔ)備制下,隨人口老化、生命期限的延長(zhǎng),除非退休年齡也隨著延後,否則退休給付的期限必須延長(zhǎng),保費(fèi)必須增加,導(dǎo)致當(dāng)期可支配所得下降,但對(duì)國(guó)年金財(cái)富沒(méi)有影響。這等於迫使短視人口增加儲(chǔ)蓄。因此,全額儲(chǔ)備國(guó)民年金制度的儲(chǔ)蓄效果隨人口老化遞增。 (六 ─8) 許振明 ? 商業(yè)年金保險(xiǎn)與國(guó)民年金配合之研究,載:國(guó)民年金制度委託研究報(bào)告彙編,行政院經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)委員會(huì)編印, 1998年 6月 ? 各工業(yè)化國(guó)家,其年金制度由於人口日趨老化、制度成熟,均已面臨財(cái)務(wù)如何維持之難題,而各國(guó)年金給付支出往往占其社會(huì)福利支出相當(dāng)高的比重,此不但影響其他社會(huì)福利業(yè)務(wù)之推動(dòng),並可能對(duì)政府之其他政事支出,如教育支出、經(jīng)建支出等產(chǎn)生排擠效果。 ? 故晚近許多國(guó)家,如英國(guó)、澳洲等,乃紛紛制定法令,鼓勵(lì)或強(qiáng)制企業(yè)或個(gè)人分擔(dān)政府之責(zé)任,建立企業(yè)或個(gè)人年金制。 (八 ─20) 單驥 ? 勞工附加年金真的比較好嗎?經(jīng)社法制論叢 12期 (1993)P43 ? 註八: ……依勞委會(huì)建議,自己應(yīng)提撥而不必提撥,自己應(yīng)自負(fù)而可以耍賴(lài)下一代來(lái)付的退休金制度,也有一個(gè)全新包裝的「世代