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? 2)理論內(nèi)容:沒有考慮收入、資本流動(dòng)等因素對(duì)BOP的調(diào)節(jié)作用 二、 BOP彈性論 (Elasticity Approach) ? 背景: 1930S產(chǎn)生的金本位崩潰、浮動(dòng)匯率制下貨幣戰(zhàn)。 ? 問題的提出:本幣貶值是否一定能改善本國的貿(mào)易收支? ? 理論代表:瓊 羅賓遜( Joan Robinson) ? 本幣貶值 (一)理論假定: (二)理論內(nèi)容圍繞兩大問題: 勒納條件( MarshallLerner Condition): 本幣貶值改善本國的貿(mào)易收支的充分必要條件 ? (三) J曲線效應(yīng) (四)評(píng)價(jià) (一)理論假定 ? 1, 充分就業(yè)下,收入不變,需求只取決于價(jià)格; ? 2,不考慮資本流動(dòng),貿(mào)易收支 = 國際收支; ? 3, 馬歇爾 勒納條件假定供給具有完全彈性; ? 4,國內(nèi)外物價(jià)水平不變,即出口品本幣價(jià)、進(jìn)口品外幣價(jià)都不變,匯率變動(dòng)改變進(jìn)出口商品的相對(duì)價(jià)格 (二)理論觀點(diǎn)、政策含義 馬歇爾 勒納條件: 本幣貶值能改善貿(mào)易收支的充分必要條件是 進(jìn)出口商品的需求價(jià)格彈性絕對(duì)值之和大于 1。 MarshallLerner condition : ? This condition says that, for a currency devaluation to have a positive impact in trade balance, the sum of price elasticity of exports and imports (in absolute value) must be greater than 1. The principle is named for economists Alfred Marshall and Abba Lerner. ? that is, hX + hM 1, where hX, hM are the demand elasticities for a country39。s exports and imports respectively, both defined to be positive for downward sloping demands. Under certain assumptions, this is the condition for a depreciation to improve the trade balance, for the exchange market to be stable, and for international barter exchange to be stable. 政策含義:發(fā)展中國家 MarshallLerner Condition ? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ? As a devaluation of the exchange rate means a reduction on price of exports, quantity demanded for these will increase. At the same time, price of imports will rise and their quantity demanded will diminish. ? The effect on the trade balance will depend on price elasticities. If goods exported are elastic to price, their quantity demanded will increase proportionately more than the decrease in price, and total export revenue will increase. Similarly, if goods imported are elastic, total import expenditure will decrease. Both will improve the trade balance. ? Empirically, it has been found that goods tend to be inelastic in the short term, as it takes time to change consuming patterns. Thus, the MarshallLerner condition is not met, and a devaluation is likely to worsen the trade balance initially. In the long term, consumers will adjust to the new prices, and trade balance will improve. This effect is called JCurve effect. Mathematical Derivation 勒納條件( MarshallLerner Condition) /Dx /+ /Dm/ 1, 貿(mào)易收支改善 /Dx /+ /Dm/ 1, 惡化 /Dx /+ /Dm/ = 1, 不變 Dx = 出口商品的需求價(jià)格彈性 = 出口商品需求量變動(dòng)百分比 /出口價(jià)格變動(dòng)百分比 Dm = 進(jìn)口商品的需求價(jià)格彈性 = 進(jìn)口商品需求量變動(dòng)百分比 /進(jìn)口價(jià)格變動(dòng)百分比 :畢克迪克 羅賓遜 梅茨勒條件 (Bickerdike –RobinsonMetzler Condition) 兩種彈性條件的聯(lián)系 ? 馬歇爾 勒納條件只是 擴(kuò)展的彈性條件 :畢克迪克 羅賓遜 梅茨勒條件的特例:即供給彈性為無窮大時(shí)。 ? 大家推導(dǎo)一下。 3. J曲線效應(yīng) —貶值與調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)滯 J曲線效應(yīng) (J Curve Effect) ? 西方學(xué)者實(shí)際考察發(fā)現(xiàn),即使?jié)M足 馬歇爾 勒納條件,本幣貶值也不能馬上改善貿(mào)易收支。 ? 在短期內(nèi),本幣貶值可能使貿(mào)易收支先惡化,過一段時(shí)間后(半年或一年)出口和進(jìn)口相應(yīng)調(diào)整后,貿(mào)易收支才慢慢改善。 ? 因此,本幣貶值對(duì)貿(mào)易收支的影響一般會(huì)經(jīng)過一個(gè)先惡化后改善的過程,其過程在圖中顯示類“ J”,稱 J曲線效應(yīng) 。 為什么會(huì)產(chǎn)生 J曲線效應(yīng) ? (1)貶值前貿(mào)易合同作用期 : 貶值后合同沒實(shí)際發(fā)揮作用 . ? 則 ,本幣貶值時(shí) r上升 ,而 X, M, Px和 Pm都不變 ? B(本幣 )=XPxr↑MPm ? (匯率中 ,外幣為單位貨幣 ) (2)貶值后簽訂的貿(mào)易合同,也可能導(dǎo)致 J曲線