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的暫定價開立信用證,買方按本合同規(guī)定的暫定價開立信用證 ”” 。在合同中先。在合同中先訂立一個初步價格,作為開立信用證和初步付款的依據(jù),訂立一個初步價格,作為開立信用證和初步付款的依據(jù),待雙方確定最后價格后再進(jìn)行最后清算,多退少補(bǔ)。待雙方確定最后價格后再進(jìn)行最后清算,多退少補(bǔ)。M1 W 1M0 W 0滑動價格 The above basic price will be adjusted according to the following formula based on the wage and price Indexes published by the (anization) as of (month)19 . Adjustment Formula: P1 = P0 ( a + b + c )調(diào)整后的最后價格訂約時的基礎(chǔ)價格管理費用占貨物單位價格的百分率各種主要原材料成本占貨物單位價格的百分率工資成本占貨物單位價格的百分率交貨時原材料批發(fā)價指數(shù)訂約時原材料批發(fā)價指數(shù)交貨時工資指數(shù)訂約時工資指數(shù)如何減少匯率風(fēng)險? 國際上一般采用可以自由兌換的貨幣為計價貨幣 .為減少外匯風(fēng)險,對計價貨幣采取以下措施:216。在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中分別使用 “ 軟幣 ” 和 “ 硬幣 ” ;216。在不能選擇計價貨幣的情況下,壓低進(jìn)口價格或提高出口價格;216。訂立外匯保值條款 ;216。匯率條款外匯保值條款目的 : 防止從訂約到交貨期間由于計價貨幣幣值的變動給買賣雙方當(dāng)事人帶來損失,即排除計價貨幣匯率變動的風(fēng)險。216。 計價貨幣與支付貨幣均為同一 “ 軟幣 ” ;216。 “ 軟幣 ” 計價、 “ 硬幣 ” 支付;216。 “ 軟幣 ” 計價、 “ 軟幣 ” 支付 (一攬子匯率保值);外匯保值條款示例- 計價貨幣與支付貨幣均為同一 “ 軟幣 ” The amount in Canadian Dollars under this contract is equivalent to Swiss Francs … as calculated according to the ratio between the buying rate of Canadian Dollars and that of Swiss Francs published by the Bank of China on the day of concluding this contract. On the date of negotiation/payment, the amount in Swiss Francs shall be converted into Canadian Dollars for full or part payment according to the ratio between the buying rates of Canadian Dollars and Swiss Francs published by the Bank of China on that date.外匯保值條款示例- “ 軟幣 ” 計價, “ 硬幣 ” 支付 Under this contract , one Canadian Dollar is equivalent to Swiss Franc. Both invoice and draft shall be made out in Swiss Franc. 本合同項下每一加拿大元相等于 瑞士法郎.發(fā)票和匯票均須以瑞士法郎開立.外匯保值條款示例- “ 軟幣 ” 計價 .“ 軟幣 ” 支付 (一攬子匯率保值) 確定合同訂立日的一種軟幣與另幾種軟幣的算術(shù)平均匯率,或用其他計算方式的匯率,按其在支付當(dāng)日與另幾種貨幣的算術(shù)平均匯率或用其他計算方式的匯率的變化作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,折算成原貨幣支付,稱為 “ 一攬子匯率保值 ” 。一攬子匯率保值條款示例 p71(上) The value of . Dollars under this contract is determined by the arithmetic average of the mean buying and selling rates of . Dollars against Swiss Francs, Euro and Japanese Yen published by the Bank of China on xxx (date). The arithmetic average so determined shall be taken as the basic figure for the purpose of adjustment. 一攬子匯率保值條款示例(下) Should the arithmetic average of the mean buying and selling rates of . Dollars against Swiss Francs , Euro and Japanese Yen Published by the Bank of China on the date of negotiation differ from the above basic figure more than 2% , the amount for payment under this contract shall be adjusted in proportion to the actual change in the arithmetic average . The relative Letter of Credit opened by the Buyer must bear express stipulation to this effect. (續(xù))續(xù))匯率條款? 匯率條款:使買賣雙方避免巨大的匯率風(fēng)險 , ? 通常規(guī)定:? 小于 5%:不調(diào)整價格? 5%—10% 之間:附加一個價格調(diào)節(jié)方法,調(diào)整下一季度的價格? 大于 10%:重新談判價格商品進(jìn)出口成本構(gòu)成( 1)進(jìn)貨成本費或出廠價格 ( 2)運費( 3)商品包裝費 ( 4)倉儲費用( 5)商品檢驗費 ( 6)出口稅金 。( 7)貨運保險費 ( 8)毛利潤 ( 9)裝貨費、卸貨費、理貨費 ( 10) 中間商傭金( 11)出口關(guān)稅及出口報關(guān)手續(xù)費 。 ( 12)進(jìn)口關(guān)稅和其他稅金 ( 13)辦理托運、結(jié)匯及簽發(fā)所需單證手續(xù)費及其他 各種雜費傭金與折扣? 傭金 mission, ? 有明傭和暗傭之分? 傭金率 ,用 C表示,例如 : CFRC2, CIFC2, 表示傭金率為 2%? 計算公式: 含傭價 = 凈價 247。 (1- 傭金率 )? 折扣 discount, 在買方一定比例的價格減讓。? 折扣 = 發(fā)票金額 折扣率報價轉(zhuǎn)換的意義? 競爭的國際市場中,討價還價是最平常了,討價還價就意味著多次報價。 發(fā)盤\還盤、發(fā)價\還價? 正確的報價轉(zhuǎn)換體現(xiàn)了外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)員的談判能力和技巧,維護(hù)企業(yè)利益。 ? 需要理解不同報價對外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)的出口收益和進(jìn)口成本的影響。貿(mào)易報價轉(zhuǎn)換的影響因素和方法 216。 影響因素:? 一般因素 :商品質(zhì)量與成本、市場競爭、企業(yè)定價策略,等等。(與國內(nèi)貿(mào)易無太多區(qū)別)? 特殊因素, 與單價有關(guān)的報價四要素中的三個因素:計量單位、計價