【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ptialintensive products, while exports more labor intensive goods. This is a paradox to HO model. ? 2, Explain the Paradox 1. Inverse of resource intensity 2. Trade barriers 3. Human resource 4. Natural Resources HO模型并沒有錯 ., Expansion of HO model International trade affects price production and consumption, but will it also affect the factor payoff and price? Basing on HO model, we solve problems of trade to ine distribution. StolperSamuelson Theorem Factor Payoff= Price（ P） Marginal products of factors（ MP） Value of marginal products （ VMP） W = P MPL R = P MPK Short term: Factor nonmobility Because of nonmobility, trade will only affect price 出口產(chǎn)品（X）價格上漲 W = PX MPL W increases R = PX MPK R increases All export producers’ payoffs increase 進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品（Y）價格下跌 W = PY MPL W Decreases R = PY MPK R Decreases All import producers’ payoffs decrease Long term: Because factors are mobile, trade not only affects price, but also the marginal products. 勞動密集行的出口行業(yè)報酬提高 資本密集型的進(jìn)口競爭行業(yè)的要素向出口行業(yè)流動 進(jìn)口競爭行業(yè)流出的資本比勞動多 出口行業(yè)需要的勞動比資本多 資本相對過剩，價格降低 勞動相對稀缺，價格提高 各行業(yè)投入更多資本，資本/勞動比率提高 勞動生產(chǎn)率提高，資本生產(chǎn)率下降 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)品增加，資本的邊際產(chǎn)品減少 Continue 出口行業(yè) W = PX MPL PX上漲， MPL增加 W 提高 R = PX MPK PX上漲， MPK減少 R？ 進(jìn)口競爭行業(yè) W = PY MPL PY下跌， MPL增加 W？ R = PY MPK PY下跌， MPK減少 R下降 Payoff of the factor intensively used by exporters will increase Payoff of the factor intensively used by importers will decrease Continue Labor market is in equilibrium before trade WX = WY， RX = RY Factor market will also form equilibrium after trade WX increases， WY also increases； RX decreases， RY also decreases In long term, after trade, Payoff of the factor intensively used by exporters will increase, and Payoff of the factor intensively used by importers will decrease, this is try in any industry. Factor price equalization theory Explains the influence of trade among countries to the factor price in two countries. A國貿(mào)易前 W 低 R 高 貿(mào)易后 W提高 R 降低 B國貿(mào)易前 W 高 R 低 貿(mào)易后 W降低 R 提高 均等 Chap 6, New Trade Theory ? Changes in international Trade ? Increase of Intraindustry Trade ? Development of trade within developed countries Trade between goods with similar or same endowments HO cannot explain Amendments of assumptions of HO model, develops to new trade theory General points of new trade theories ? Imperfect Competition 1. Differentiated products (Intraindustry trade) 2. Monopoly power ( price difference) ? Large – Scale Economy 1. Internal ( enterprises) 2. External ( Industry) Intraindustry trade and cross industry trade Domestic （ Rich in Capital） Foreign （ Rich in labor ） products Foodstuff Crossindustry trade Intraindustry trade Trade due to external scale economy One, in case of perfect petition Q P O D1 S1 P1 AC1 MC1 P， C O q q1 Q1 Before trade, supply and demand （ S1， D1） determine equilibrium price （ P1） , the MC and AC are MC1 and AC1. Q P O D1 S1 P1 AC1 MC1 P， C O q q1 Q1 S2 Enlarge of industry, supply, supply increases to S2 AC2 AC decreases Meanwhile, market price falls, and trade happens Q2 P2 D2 MC2 Foreign demands increase, demand curves moves International price stays at P2 Output from enterprises stay unchanged Reason of trade is because of the price change due to external scale economy 二、 Trade Equilibrium at external Scale of economy X Y O Production curve of increasing return to scale: diminishing marginal opportunity cost E T Suppose other conditions are same for two nations, equilibrium point is E U J H U1 T1 E1 Suppose the production scale of two nations change, production bination moves to J and H, trade according to same exchange rate (T1) before trade T2 Trade is due to the price advantage of X when industry scale is expanded. Suppose X and Y are two products in same industry Trade due to Internal Scale of Economy: Imperfect petitive market Q O D1 MR1 MC Q1 P1 P， C E AC Suppose marginal cost stay unchanged Due to scale of economy, average cost falls, enterprises will trade D2 MR2 P2 AC2 Q2 Demand curve and marginal ine curve move right, but slope is less( more elasticity) Price （ P2） in short ter is higher than average cost （ AC2） , enterprise have monopoly profit No monopoly profit Long term equilibrium Q O P， C D2 MR2 MC Q2 AC2 P2 AC Short term monopoly profit MR3 D3 Q3 P3 New firm enter Demand of the products decreases Expansion of industry scale lower average cost, and petition eliminates monopoly profit. Scale of economy causes trade, which consequently increase consumer surplus( welfare improves), better specialization Krugman Model ? Three relations 1. Relation of Quantity of producers and Average Cost: The bigger the quantity of producer