【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 a promising alternative strategy is to develop a process for generating it onsite and only in the amount needed at the time.對健康有害影響的關(guān)注逐漸升級，人們首先考慮到如何消除或減少工業(yè)過程中所用有害化學物質(zhì)的數(shù)量。最好的方法是尋找替代的化學產(chǎn)品，它們能起到一樣的作用但毒害性較小。如果不能尋找到一種有毒化學物質(zhì)的替代品，那么比較好的戰(zhàn)略思想是開發(fā)一種就地生產(chǎn)的工藝，而且只生產(chǎn)當時所需要的那么多的數(shù)量。Innovative new chemistry has begun delivering environmentally sound processes, that use energy and raw materials more efficiently. Recent advances in catalysis, for example, permit chemical reactions to e run at lower temperatures and pressures. This change, in turn, reduces the energy demands of the processes and simplifies the selection of construction materials for the processing facility. Novel catalysts are also being uses to avoid the production of unwanted byproducts.革新的化學方法已開始設計對環(huán)境合理的工藝過程，以便更為有效的使用能量和原材料。例如，催化劑方面的近期進展使化學反應可以在較低的溫度和壓力下進行。反過來，這種改變又減少了這些過程的能量需求，簡化了制造加工設備對構(gòu)成材料的選擇，新的催化劑還用于避免生產(chǎn)不希望的副產(chǎn)品。4. Control of Power Plant EmissionsCoal, oil, and naturalgasfired power generation facilities contribute to the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and a variety of other undesired byproducts such as dust and traces of mercury. A rapidly increasing array of technologies are now available to reduce the emissions of unwanted species to meet national or local standards. Chemists and chemical engineers have made major contributions to the state of the art, and catalytic science is playing a critical role in defining the leading edge.4. 發(fā)電廠排放物的控制 通過燃煤、燃油和燃燒天然氣產(chǎn)生能量的設備都會排放出一氧化碳、碳氫化合物、氮氧化物以及許多其它不受歡迎的副產(chǎn)物如灰塵和痕量的汞。現(xiàn)在可以采用一系列不斷發(fā)展的技術(shù)來減少不希望有的物質(zhì)的排放以適應國家和地區(qū)標準的要求?；瘜W家和化學工程師對工業(yè)水平的進步做出了巨大的貢獻。而催化科學為開辟這些前沿領(lǐng)域正在扮演重要的角色。The simultaneous control of more than one pollutant is the aim of some recently developed catalyst or sorbent technologies. For example, catalytic methods allow carbon monoxide to be oxidized at the same time that nitrogen oxides are being chemically reduced in gas turbine exhaust. Other research efforts are aimed at pilotplant evaluation of the simultaneous removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from flue gas by the action of a single sorbent and without the generation of massive volumes of waste products.同時控制多種污染物是近年來開發(fā)先進的催化劑或吸附劑技術(shù)的目的。例如，催化方法可以使汽車尾氣中CO氧化的同時，還原氮的氧化物。另一些研究工作則定位于在中試階段通過一種吸附劑的作用同時去除煙道氣中的硫和氮氧化物，而不會產(chǎn)生大量的廢物。5. Environmentally Friendly ProductsIncreased understanding of the fate of products in the environment had led scientists to design “greener” products. A significant early example es from the detergent industry in the 1940s and 1950s, new products were introduced that were based on synthetic surfactants called branched alkylbenzene sulfonates. These detergents had higher cleaning efficiency, but it was subsequently discovered that their presence in waste water caused foaming in streams and rivers. The problem was traced to the branched alkylbenzene sulfonates。 unlike the soaps used previously, these were not sufficiently biodegraded by the microbes in conventional sewage treatment plants. An extensive research effort to understand the appropriate biochemical processes permitted chemists to design and synthesize another new class of surfactants, linear alkylbenzene sulfonateas,. The similarity in molecular structure between these new pounds and the natural fatty acids of traditional soaps allowed the microorganisms to degrade the new formulations, and the similarity t