【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the ，痛恨敵人。Maotai is a famous Chinese 。She built a 。Have a smoke?No，thanks. I gave Up smoking long ago.抽支煙吧?謝謝，我早戒煙了。不用冠詞的場合1)專有名詞、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前，一般不用冠詞。如：Canada加拿大，Japanese日語，love愛，hatred恨，glass玻璃，water水。2)名詞前已有作定語用的this，that，my，your，whose，some，any，no，each，every等代詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。如：That is my 。I enjoyed every minute of 。I want this book, not that ，不要那本書。3)季節(jié)、月份、星期幾等名稱前，一般不用冠詞。如：Spring has 。Winter is the best time for 。Her little daughter was born in April 。We have mathematics on 。[注]季節(jié)前有時(shí)也用冠詞。如in the spring在春季。當(dāng)然也可以說in spring。4)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示某一類人或事物時(shí)，不用冠詞。如：I don39。t approve of cousins 。Books are my best 。5)稱呼語前面不用冠詞，表示頭銜和職務(wù)(這種職務(wù)一般只由一人擔(dān)任)的名詞的前面也常不用冠詞。如：What does this word mean, Father?這個(gè)詞是什么意思，爸爸?Mrs. Johnson is director of the 。6)在某些固定詞組里，名詞之前常不用冠詞。如：by air乘飛機(jī)，at night夜間，in fact事實(shí)上，in danger在危險(xiǎn)中，after school放學(xué)后，at home在家中，in town在城里，to go to school上學(xué)去，to go to bed去睡覺，to go to class去上課，from door to door挨門挨戶，from morning till night從早到晚。7)三餐飯的名稱前，常不用冠詞。如：Have you had breakfast?你吃過早飯了嗎?After lunch we usually have a 。What did you have for supper?你晚飯吃什么了?[注]但指一特定的餐食時(shí)則須用定冠詞，如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快來，要不飯就涼了)。8)球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。如：My younger brother likes to play table 。Let39。s go and watch them play 。9)節(jié)日、假日等名稱之前不用冠詞。如：New Year39。s Day元旦 National Day國慶節(jié)May Day五一勞動(dòng)節(jié) Children39。s Day兒童節(jié)Christmas Day圣誕節(jié)10)報(bào)紙和文章的標(biāo)題常常省去冠詞。如：Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京來信：首都棉紡廠的婦女》(文章標(biāo)題，letter之前省去了不定冠詞a。)Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板們使要求增加工資的談判陷于僵局。(報(bào)紙標(biāo)題，bosses前省去the，deadlock前省去a, pay increase talks前省去the。)[英語語法手冊]代詞 定義 代詞(pronoun)是代替名詞的詞：代詞在句子中的功用a)和名詞一樣，可作主語、賓語和表語。b)有些代詞和形容詞一樣，可作定語。如：a) I am reading The Arabian 《天方夜譚》。(作主語)This is John Smith speaking.(打電話用語)我是約翰史密斯。(作主語)Can I help you?我能幫你的忙嗎?(作賓語)That39。s 。(作表語)b)His father is an 。(作定語)All men are 。(作定語)3)格的變化 有些代詞有格的變化，如 I 我(主格)，me我(賓格)，Who誰(主格)，whom誰(賓格)。某些代詞有所有格，如whose誰的，other39。s別人的，somebody39。s某人的，one39。s一個(gè)人的。4)單復(fù)數(shù)形式 有些代詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。少數(shù)代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式和名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化規(guī)則相同，如oneones，otherothers。其他如人稱代詞、物主代詞、自身代詞和指示代詞等，其復(fù)數(shù)形式與此不同，須個(gè)別記憶。5)有或沒有冠詞 代詞之前一般不用冠詞，只有少數(shù)例外。如：the other，the others，a few，a little等。種類英語有下列幾種代詞：1)人稱代詞(personal pronoun)a)主格：I，he，she，it，we，you，they.b)賓格：me，him，her，it，us，you，them.2)物主代詞(possessive pronoun)：a)形容詞性物主代詞：my，his，her，its；our，your，their.b)名詞性物主代詞：mine，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs.3)自身代詞(selfpronoun)：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，oneself.4)相互代詞(reciprocal pronoun)：each other，one another.5)指示代詞(demonstrative pronoun)：this，that，these，those，such，same.6)疑問代詞(interrogative pronoun)：who，whom，whose，which，what.7)關(guān)系代詞(relative pronoun)：who，whom，whose，which，that.8)不定代詞(indefinite pronoun)：some，something，somebody，someone，any，anything，anybody，anyone，no，nothing，nobody，no one，every，everything，everybody，everyone，each，much，many，little，a little，few，a few，other，another，all，none，one，both，either，neither.人稱代詞概說表示我39。，、你、他、我們、你們、他們等的詞，叫做人稱代詞。人稱代詞的用法1)人稱代詞主格的用法a)作主語I am a cook.(炊事員) We are cooks，You are a teacher.(教師) You are teachers.He is a barber.(理發(fā)員) The yare barbers.She is a nurse.(護(hù)士)The yare nurses.It is a cart.(大車) They are carts.b)作表語It39。s I .是我。 Oh，it39。s you. 噢，是你。[注一]第一人稱單數(shù)人稱代詞I (我)永遠(yuǎn)要大寫。(見上面例句)[注二]口語習(xí)慣上不說it39。s I (he, she等)，而說It39。s me (him，her等)。2)人稱代詞賓格的用法a)作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語The dog bit 。Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim 。This is my new hat. Do you like it ?這是我的新帽子，你喜歡嗎?b)作介詞的賓語My brother often writes 。They took good care of 。3)人稱代詞的其他用法 各人稱代詞除按照自身的人稱、數(shù)和格使用外，還有下列一些特殊用法：a)報(bào)刊的編輯和文章的作者，在發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，常用we代替I (同樣用our代替my)。如：We believe that China will make still greater progress in 。In our opinion this is the best film of the 。b)用she來代替國家、城市、船舶、飛機(jī)以及動(dòng)物等，以表示親切和愛撫。如：That39。s the picture of the Dongfeng。 she is a 10,000 ton class ocean going 。The dog waved his tail when he saw his 。c)北有時(shí)可用來代替小孩(child)和嬰兒(baby)。如：The child smiled when it saw its 。d) they可用來代替一般的人，特別在they say中。如：They say there39。s going to be another good harvest this 。物主代詞概說表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞的用法1)形容詞性物主代詞用作定語I love my work in the 。How many students are there in his (her) class?他(她)班上有多少學(xué)生?There are many good teachers in our 。I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.我上星期六看了一個(gè)電影，名叫《平原游擊隊(duì)》。2)名詞性物主代詞用作主語、賓語和表語a)用作主語：Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我們的房間在一層，他們的在二層。Ours is a socialist 。b)用作賓語：I didn39。t borrow her dictionary. I borrowed ，我借的是他的。c)用作表語：Whose pencil is this?－It is ?是她的。These tools are 。[注]of+名詞性物主代詞of+名詞所有格的用法完全一樣。如：a friend of mine我的一個(gè)朋友(表示部分觀念，意即我有不少朋友，他(她)是其中之一)this lovely child of yours你的這個(gè)可愛的孩子(有感情色彩)自身代詞概說 表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回射到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做自身代詞。自身代詞的用法1)在句中作賓語，表示動(dòng)作回到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的本身。如：Please help yourself to some 。(作help的賓語)The girl is too young to look after ，還不能照顧自己。(作look after的賓語)He was always ready to help others。 he never thought of himself他總是幫助別人，從不想到自己。(作thought of的賓語)2)在句中作名詞或代詞的同位語，用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣，作親自、本人解。它在句中可置于名詞、代詞之后，也可置于句子末尾。如：You yourself said 。The desk itself is not so 。I fixed the window 。相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫做相互代詞。相互代詞的用法1)作賓語。如：Do you often see one another?你們彼此常見面嗎?New and old students learn from each 。.John and Tom helped each 。2)作定語時(shí)須用所有格。如：We are interested in one another39。s 。The students corrected each other39。s mistakes in their 。Students cut each other39。s 。3)each和other有時(shí)可分開用。如：Each tried to persuade the other to stay at 。指示代詞概說表示這個(gè)、那個(gè)、這些、那些等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。指示代詞有：this這個(gè)，that那個(gè)，these這些，those那些，it那個(gè)，這個(gè)，Such如此的，如此的事物，same同樣的，同樣的事物。指示代詞this，these，that，those在句中的功用指示代詞this，these，that，those在句中的用法相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞，可用作主語、表語、賓語和定語。如：This is a plane，這是一架飛機(jī)。(作主語)Oh，it39。s not ，問題不在那兒。(作表語)How do you like these?你喜歡這些嗎?(作賓語)This book is about Chinese traditional 。(作定語)指示代詞ins，these，that