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:完全證悟時所達(dá)到的境界。在文字用法上和輪回形成對比。 蓮花生大士 Padmasambhva (藏文Guru Rinpoche):于第九世紀(jì)應(yīng)邀至西藏,降服邢穢及魔障,并建立寧瑪派傳承,為藏傳佛教之祖師。 波羅蜜多 Paramita(藏文pha rol tu phyin pa):能超越輪回的具德行為。大乘道所修持的種波羅蜜是:布施波羅蜜、持戒波羅蜜、忍辱波羅蜜、精進(jìn)波羅蜜、禪定波羅蜜、智慧波羅蜜。頗哇 Phowa(藏文):一種高深的密續(xù)法門,是關(guān)于在死亡時將意識投射到善道的法門。 般若 Prajna(藏文she rab):在梵文的意思是「圓滿的知識」,也可以表示智慧、理解或辨識能力。通常它是表示從比較高超的角度(例如,非二元)來看事情的智慧。 世俗諦 Relative truth(藏文kun dzop):和勝義諦(或譯為圣諦、真諦)合稱為二諦。世俗諦是尚末開悟的世俗人對世界的看法,亦即他們基于錯誤的自我信念而做的投射。 儀軌 Sadhana(藏文drup tap):密續(xù)修法的法本,詳細(xì)地敘述如何觀修本尊的壇城及禪定。 三摩地 Samadhi(藏文ting nge dzin):又稱為專一禪定,是禪修的最高形式。 止 Samatha or tranquility meditation(藏文Shi nye):基本的禪修方法。 修「止」的時候,行者通常盤腿而生,專注于呼吸并觀察心的活動。 報身Samb Hogakaya 又稱為「法樂身」,示現(xiàn)給菩薩。 輪回 Samsara (藏文kor wa):依因緣而存在的存在形式,和涅樂相反。 眾生因為貪、瞋、癡 (三毒或煩惱障) 而流轉(zhuǎn)于輪回,并承受輪回之苦。 僧或僧伽 Sangha(藏文gen dun):修行道上的伴侶。僧眾可能是法道上的一切修行者,或是已開悟的出家眾。 經(jīng)典 Satra(藏文do):記錄佛陀親口所說的法,所集成小乘及大乘典籍,有別于金剛乘的密續(xù)(tantra)法教及闡釋佛陀之語的論注(Sastras)。 經(jīng)乘 Satrayana:經(jīng)乘的證悟方法包括小乘及大乘。 悉達(dá) Siddha(藏文grub thab):有成就的佛教修行者,即成就者。 悉地 Siddhis(藏文ngo drub):佛教成就者的修行成就。 輪回六道 Six Realms of Samsara (藏文rikdruk):由于不同的煩惱或心識染污特質(zhì)而受生于輪回的六種形態(tài): 天道,天人或天道眾生具有強烈的傲慢心,必須歷經(jīng)變易之苦 阿修羅道,具有強烈的嫉妒、猜疑心,必須歷經(jīng)斗爭之苦。 人道,是六道中最幸運的,因為人道眾生具有達(dá)到證悟的最佳機會,雖然他們有生、老、病、死之苦 畜生道,由于強烈的愚癡而受生,有深切的暗啞之苦: 餓鬼道,由于強烈的慳吝而受生,有極端的饑渴之苦: 地獄道,由于強烈的填瞋歸鬼恚心而受生,具有極端的冷熱之苦。 蘊 Skandha(藏文pang pa):蘊的字義為「積集」。色蘊、受蘊、想蘊、行蘊及識蘊等五蘊,是將物體的存在轉(zhuǎn)化為知覺的五種基本功能。 聲聞 Sravaka (藏文nyen th):指親聞佛說法的弟子,或泛指修習(xí)四圣義諦而證悟成道,已經(jīng)完全了知無我的小乘修行者(阿羅漢)。 氣脈 Subtle Channels(藏文tsa):氣脈指的是有氣的能量或「風(fēng)」,《梵文「波若那」(Prana),藏文即「?。↙ung)」》,循環(huán)于其中的微細(xì)管道,而不是解剖學(xué)上的脈。 空性 Sunyata(藏文tong pa nyi):佛陀在二轉(zhuǎn)法輪時開示外在現(xiàn)象、「我」或「自我」的觀念沒有真實的存在性,因此萬法都是空性的。 密續(xù) Tantra(藏文gyu):金剛乘法教及其典籍。 十圓滿 Ten Assets or Endowments (梵文dasasam pada,藏文jor wa chu):益于修持佛法的十種因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛傳之地、具有健全的心智、無極大惡業(yè)、對佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛傳法、值法傳世、有修行者與修行的自由及具善知識之慈悲教導(dǎo)。 三寶 Three Jewels (藏文kon chok sum):佛寶、法寶及僧寶。 赤松德贊 Thrisong Deutsen (790~858A.D.):西藏國王,邀請偉大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟「桑耶林」(Samye Ling)。 佛陀所制定的戒律;論藏,佛弟子所造的論述,主體是現(xiàn)象的分析,是法教的闡釋或論述傳統(tǒng)。 不變的“我” 恒常的我 the selfsame manner此有故彼有,此無故彼無 Whenever A is present , B is present 。 Whenever A is absent, B is absent. Therefore, from the arising of A, B arises。 from the cessation of A, B ceases. 明緣起,即明佛法 One who discerns dependent origination discerns the Dhamma 一切眾生,皆有佛性,有佛性者,皆得成佛 All living beings have Buddhanature ,everyone with the Buddhanuture may attain Buddhahood.3 佛教 (Buddhism) 中國的佛教 Buddhism in China佛教是中國最重要的宗教。通常認(rèn)為佛教是公元67年漢朝時期從新疆傳到中原的。在其發(fā)展過程中,對傳統(tǒng)的中國文化和思想有著深遠(yuǎn)影響并成為當(dāng)時中國最重要的宗教之一。佛教在中國的發(fā)展大體上可以分為以下幾個時期。第一時期是漢朝,佛教剛傳到中國。在這個時期,傳譯了很多佛教經(jīng)文,白馬寺也是在這個時期建立的,標(biāo)志著佛教教義在中國的第一次傳播。第二時期是在晉朝(265—420),南北朝(386—589)時期,翻譯、撰寫了更多的佛教經(jīng)文. 從南北朝開始,中國佛教進(jìn)入繁盛時期。第三時期是隋朝(581—618)和唐朝(618—907)佛教在中國迎來了鼎盛時期并取得前所未有的發(fā)展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教,唐朝帝王雖然信奉道教,但對佛教采取了保護(hù)包容的政策。因此,在這個時期,道教在中國取得了空前的發(fā)展。然而,在封建社會末期,由于社會動蕩,中國佛教發(fā)展得佷緩慢。中華人民共和國成立以后, 實施宗教信仰自由的政策,中國佛教進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展時期?,F(xiàn)在,佛教在中國取得了巨大的發(fā)展,國際上的學(xué)術(shù)交流也擴大了。Buddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC220) from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture and thoughts, and has bee one of the most important religions in China at that time. In general, the development of Buddhism in China can be divided into the following periods. The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty when it was just introduced into China. During this period of time, many Buddhist scriptures were translated and explained. The White Horse Temple was built during this period of time and it signifies the first time of Buddhism doctrines delivered in second period is in Jin (265420), Northern and Southern Dynasties (386589) when more Buddhist scriptures were translated and Buddhist writings came out. From the beginning of Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese Buddhism has entered its prosperous time. The third period is the Sui (581618) and Tang (618907) Dynasties when Buddhism weled its heyday and got unprecedented development. The emperors of the Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and though Tang39。s emperors believed in Taoism, they showed a protective and tolerant attitude toward the development of other religions such as Buddhism. So in this period, Buddhism got a rapid and great development in China.However, in the late of feudal society, because of the social unrest, Chinese Buddhism was slow in development. After the founding of People39。s Republic of China and the implementing of the policy of freedom in religion belief, Chinese Buddhism embraced its new growing age. Now it is developing greatly and the international academic exchanges are expanded. 佛教的宗派Sects of Buddhism由于傳入的時間、途徑、地區(qū)和民族文化、社會歷史背影的不同,中國佛教形成三大系,即漢傳佛教(漢語系)、藏傳佛教(藏語系)和云南地區(qū)佛教(巴利語系)。Three different forms of this religion evolved as it reached the centers of population at varying times and by different routes. The social and ethnic background in each location also affected the way in which each of these forms developed and eventually they became known as Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism. 漢傳佛教Han Buddhism 傳入中國漢族地區(qū)的佛教,經(jīng)過長期的經(jīng)典傳譯、講習(xí)、融化,與中國傳統(tǒng)文化結(jié)合,從而形成具有民族特點的各種學(xué)派和宗派;并外傳朝鮮、日本和越南。 Buddhism was introduced into China the Han areas, after a long classic interpretation, workshops, melting, and the bination of Chinese traditional culture D, which form a variety of national characteristics and sectarian schools, and rumors Korea, Japan and Vietnam. 佛教傳入中國漢地年代,學(xué)術(shù)界尚無定論。古代漢文史籍中,有秦始皇時沙門室利防等18人到中國的記載。據(jù)《善見律毗婆沙》記述,在阿育王時代,曾派大德摩訶勒棄多至臾那世界(原注:漢地);派末世摩至雪山邊國。西藏多羅那他《印度佛教史》稱達(dá)摩阿育王時,高僧善見至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史書則稱派末世摩至支那。以上這些布教活動因無譯述遺跡傳世,無法證實。 Buddhism came to China39。s Han, the academic munity have been inconclusive. Ancient Chinese historical records, there are antiQin Li when Salmonella Room 18 people to China and other records. According to the law of good, see adjacent Posha account, in the era of Asoka, Buddhism after the third assembled, had sent up to Dade Maha Yu Le abandon that world (the original note: Han)。 sent to the mountain side of Mount end of the world countries. Doro Tibet that he was History of Buddhism in India, said Dharma Ashoka, the Bu