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切的連續(xù)性 ) ★ the conducts of private persons or group persons (情況復雜 ,區(qū)別對待 ) 2. Establishment of State Responsibility Page ? 11 (3) Breach of an international obligation ★ 違背的是國際法上的義務 (條約義務 ,公約義務 ,國際習慣 ,一般法律原則確立的義務 ) ★ 違背的是有效的國際法上的義務 (general principle of intertemporal law) 2. Establishment of State Responsibility Page ? 12 (4) Derived responsibility of State 國家的衍生責任 ★ aids or assists other States ★ Directs and controls other States ★ Coerces other States 2. Establishment of State Responsibility Page ? 13 (1) Valid consent (自由的表達 ,真實的同意 ) (2) Selfdefense (不得超越國際法確立的必要的限度 ) (3) Countermeasures (非武力對抗性措施 ) (4) Force majeure (不可預計 ,不可以避免 ) (5) Distress (救助生命 ,兩害相權取其輕 ) (6) Necessity (迫在眉睫的危險 ) 3. Circumstance precluding the wrongfulness of conduct Page ? 14 (1) Continued duty of performance (2) Cease wrongful conducts (3) Make full reparation (4) Restitution (5) Compensate (6) Satisfaction 4. Forms of states responsibility Page ? 15