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在論說(shuō)文,科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。 ? Since plants give off this valuable gas, they are doing other living things a great service, because, since all living things have to breathe, there could easily be a shortage of oxygen in the atmosphere. Green plants, in this way。 help to maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere. ( 2)主題句在段尾。 一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)一種觀點(diǎn)不易向人解釋清楚,或不易被人接受時(shí),主題句便會(huì)到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)作者想要說(shuō)服讀者聽信其言時(shí),一般采用此格式組織句子。 ? Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what39。s wrong with him. Babysitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses. to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. ( 3)主題句在段中。 有時(shí)段落是先介紹背景和細(xì)節(jié),接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容或事例,然后再圍繞主題展開對(duì)有關(guān)問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會(huì)在段落中間出現(xiàn),但不是就在正中間。 (二)找主題詞 ? 有時(shí)段落中沒有明顯的主題句。作者用一種間接的方式表達(dá)了段落的中心思想。這時(shí)我們不能輕而易舉地判斷出主旨或主題這樣,主題句是含蓄的,它隱含在短文或段落之中,需要考生從段落中尋找主題詞或詞組。然后用這些主題詞或詞組概括和歸納出段落的中心思想。 ? Some people like to go to beach or a lake for recreation. They enjoy the swimming or boating that is available there. Other people, especially in the hot summer, prefer clean air and cool mountain breezes. Some people like excitement and entertainment. They got to shows and nightclubs. Still other people find that staying home with the family and enjoying the togetherness of spending time with loved ones is the most happy experience of all. People enjoy different kinds of recreation. 主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng) (錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng) )有 3種: ? 1. 概括范圍太窄,只表達(dá)局部信息或某一細(xì)節(jié),不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 ? 2. 概括范圍太寬,所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容。 ? 3. 無(wú)關(guān)信息:即文章中未提到、或找不到語(yǔ)言依據(jù)的信息。 ? When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. In low visibility situations, however, the eye and other orientation senses, such as our sense of balance, are not only useless, they may be totally misleading. The only safe way to fly an airplane in low visibility conditions is to use instruments, which indicate the attitude of the airplane. ? A. In bad weather, the senses can be misleading ? B. Flying an airplane can be very difficult ? C. When visibility is low the only safe way to fly an airplane is by using flight instruments. ? D. When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. 四項(xiàng)選擇中 A項(xiàng)和 d項(xiàng)內(nèi)容太具體,不能概括段落的主旨思想。 b項(xiàng)內(nèi)容又太籠統(tǒng),超出了作者的原意。只有 C項(xiàng)才準(zhǔn)確地概括出段落的主旨思想。 閱讀技能 如何提高閱讀能力 進(jìn)行推理判斷 ? 考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力。 ? 此類題目文章中沒有明確的答案,需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問方式是: ? 題干表現(xiàn)形式: ? It can be inferred from the text that … ? From the text we know that … ? The story implies that… ? The paragraph following the passage will most probably be … ? It may be concluded from the passage that… ? What would be happy if …? : (1) (2) 1) 題型分類 ?a) 細(xì)節(jié)推斷題 ? 要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系, 推斷具體細(xì)節(jié), 如時(shí)間,地點(diǎn), 人物關(guān)系, 人物身份, 事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息, 或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷推理。 ?b) 因果推斷題 ? 要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因。 考生要準(zhǔn)確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵, 理解文章的真正含義。 ? c) 人物性格、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)判斷題 ? 高考閱讀測(cè)試中有些是考察考生對(duì)作者的主導(dǎo)思想, 被描寫人物語(yǔ)氣, 言談話語(yǔ)中流漏的情緒, 性格傾向和作者或文中人物, 態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)等方面的理解題。 做著一類題注意: ? i. 由表及里的準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思, 切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的思想觀點(diǎn)。 ? ii. 特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語(yǔ)言, 以及表達(dá)感情, 態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。 要特別注意作者在文章中的措辭, 尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。 ? iii. 能結(jié)合自己平時(shí)積累的有關(guān)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng), 風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識(shí)來(lái)識(shí)別評(píng)價(jià)。 ?d) 預(yù)測(cè)想象推理題 ? 有些內(nèi)容文章中沒有明確說(shuō)明, 要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇, 對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)推理。 做這類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路(如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫,也可能按因果關(guān)系, 對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述), 從而作出比較科學(xué)的合情合理的預(yù)測(cè)。 干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn): ? ( 1) 以假亂真, 編造信息; 不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理而得的觀點(diǎn)。 ? ( 2) 混淆本末, 主次不分; 雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在輪機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行推理, 但推理過頭, 概括過度。 ? ( 3) 直接間接不分, 把文章中明確表達(dá)的內(nèi)容當(dāng)成推理出來(lái)的 ? ( 4) 因果顛倒;原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果, 或反之。 Example 1 ? One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,“ I need two small mice and