【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 cted and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that information won’t fall into the wrong hands. “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,” said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection. The movement, like the online shopping industry, favors selfregulation over imposition of further movement restrictions on electronic merce. ”Marc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study shows that self regulations have failed, “We need legislation to enforce fair information pretences,” he said. “Consumers are at greeter risk than they were in 1997,” when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used” profilebased” advertising, and whether the sites incorporate “s ”technology, which gives Web sites basic information on visitors. Profiling is the practice of gathering in then used to create targeted advertising on Wed sites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a major improvement over the early days of electronic merce, when such policies were scarce. But that did not satisfy the privacy group:” Companies arc posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing As fair information practices,” Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said it found that 35 of the sites feature profilebased advertising, and 87 percent use s, The group concluded that the phonies that were posted “are typically confusing, inplete, and inconsistent”, The report, “Surfer Beware III: Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection, ” is the third such survey by the group, It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity (匿名)when exploring the internet. 51What does the sentence “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list” mean? A. the study shows that someone else would buy consumers a gift for Christmas B. The study shows that consumers’ privacy is being invaded. C. the study shows that panies want to make a Christmas list for children. D. the study shows that Santa would not bring the Christmas gifts this year. of the following is not in the list of the basic criteria of privacy protection mentioned in paragraph 3? A. Give notice of what in formation is collected and how it is used to consumers. B. Allow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected. C. Make consumers believe that the information provided by the sites is surely correct. D. Institute the kind of security measures that ensure that the information won’t fall into the wrong hands. 53. it could be drawn from the passage that . A. the Washingtonbased Electronic Privacy Information Center has released at least 3 reports concerning the online privacy B. adults cannot get any online privacy protection C. both the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rules D. only 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays 54. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. Mare Rosenberg’s study on selfregulation. B. Some online problems found by a privacy group’s study. C. Adults and children are different. D. Online security measures. Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage: Suppose you go into a fritterer’s shop, wanting an appleyou take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour。 you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shipman offers you a third。 but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think。 but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. Trued, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction。 you generalize the facts, and you expect to find spumes in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour。 and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green ,you say, “AII hard and green apples are sour。 this apple is hard and green。 therefore, this apple is sour.” That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism (三段論法),and has all its various parts and termsits major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusion, And by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, “I will not have that apple.” So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend。 you will say to him, “It is a very curio