【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 d restaurant owners. ②These three groups are all mitted to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites. ③To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a little French.①But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.①Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. ②“Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job” is how most advocates of the system would put it. ③To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.①M(fèi)ichael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumer’s assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.①Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. ②Mr. Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.①What’s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. ②Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call “upselling”: every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket. ③Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while lowkey, quality service often goes unrecognized.①In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in finedining restaurants and is being more mon in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. ②In an unreasonable oute, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. ③Indeed, there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.31. It may be inferred that a Europeanstyle service___________.[A] is tippingfree[B] charges little tip[C] is the author’s initiative[D] is offered at Per Se32. Which of the following is NOT true according to the author?[A] Tipping is a mon practice in the restaurant world.[B] Waiters don’t care about tipping.[C] Customers generally believe in tipping.[D] Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.33. According to Michael Lynn’s studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they ___________.[A] have performed good service[B] frequently refill customer’s water glass[C] win customer’s favor[D] serve customers of the same sex34. We may infer from the context that “upselling” (Para. 6) probably means __________.[A] selling something up[B] selling something fancy[C] selling something unnecessary[D] selling something more expensive35. This text mainly discusses ___________.[A] reasons to abolish the practice of tipping[B] economic sense of tipping[C] consumers’ attitudes towards tipping[D] tipping for good serviceText 4①Henric Ibsen, author of the play “A Doll’s House”, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved. ②From January 1st, 2008, all public panies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. ③Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003. ④But about 75 out of the 480 or so panies it affects are still too male for the government’s liking. ⑤They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or face the legal consequences—which could include being dissolved.①Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female, according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity. ②The number has since jumped to 36%. ③That is far higher than the average of 9% for big panies across Europe or America’s 15% for the Fortune 500. ④Norway’s stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. ⑤“I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle,” says SverreMunck, head of international operations at a media firm. ⑥“Board members of public panies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,” he says. ⑦Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.①Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. ②Many plain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. ③Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 2535 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the “golden skirts”. ④One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian panies—they occupy around 15% of senior positions. ⑤It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with enough experience.①Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might bee less able to hold managers to account. ②Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. ③ “Women feel more pelled than men to do their homework,” says Ms RekstenSkaugen, who was voted Norway’s chairman of the year for 2007, “and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.”36. The author mentions Ibsen’s play in the first paragraph in order to ___________.[A] depict women’s dilemma at work[B] explain the newly passed law[C] support Norwegian government[D] introduce th