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建筑工程英語課后習題答案(編輯修改稿)

2025-07-24 21:23 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 also an important issue for the builder. 3. Zoning will vary from area to area and controls what the land may be used for.4. The presence of existing buildings, trees, vegetation, fences or any special features must be described in a site investigation.5. If new fences are to be erected, the cost of removing the old ones must be accounted for.B. Translate the following paragraph(s) into Chinese現(xiàn)場評估是建筑施工規(guī)劃階段的一部分。評估獲得的信息不僅建筑商需要,任何在項目工作的建筑師或工程師都需要?,F(xiàn)場施工開始,以下事項必須充分了解:1)位置,包括土地使用權(quán)、功能分區(qū)、地役權(quán)和限定事項;2)現(xiàn)場描述,包括邊界、尺寸、斜坡/梯度、通道、現(xiàn)有特征和植被;3)現(xiàn)場分析中提到的重要特征;4)可提供的設(shè)施也必須考慮,如電、水、污水管、氣、電話等,哪些設(shè)施已經(jīng)有了,連接這些設(shè)施需要多少費用?哪些設(shè)施是沒有的?5)土質(zhì)勘測是復雜的,應(yīng)該由土壤工程師來完成。土質(zhì)勘測不僅要考慮土質(zhì)的構(gòu)成,還要考慮那些影響基礎(chǔ)含水量的因素。Reference Translation of Section B現(xiàn)場施工準備概述任何建筑在施工開始前都有一系列工作要做,這被稱之為工程前期準備。此階段包括計劃、融資和獲得建造許可,以及進行場地勘測和現(xiàn)場施工準備?,F(xiàn)場勘測:現(xiàn)場勘測要求查明那些影響設(shè)計和擬建工程施工的因素??睖y分為兩類:地上勘測和地下勘測。地上勘測包括施工現(xiàn)場勘測,例如障礙物、已有的建筑物和地形地貌;周邊環(huán)境勘測,如鄰里的房產(chǎn);現(xiàn)場附近條件的調(diào)查,如提供設(shè)施和人力最近的城鎮(zhèn)。地下勘測包括土壤勘測以確定土壤的強度,探明土質(zhì)的成因,地下礦產(chǎn)和有害物質(zhì)。它也要勘測地下現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施,如水管、下水道、電纜、電話線和地下氣體管道??睖y的目的就是要達到更好的設(shè)計、更經(jīng)濟的前期施工準備和制訂更好的施工方法?,F(xiàn)場施工準備:在施工開始前,現(xiàn)場施工的準備工作要完成。通常涉及到現(xiàn)場清理和現(xiàn)場布置?,F(xiàn)場清理包括拆除現(xiàn)有建筑物、移栽樹木及灌木、鏟除表層土以及改道現(xiàn)有設(shè)施?,F(xiàn)場布置必須考慮出入現(xiàn)場的通道,材料的堆放設(shè)施,車間或模板、鋼筋的加工場地,機械設(shè)備如塔式起重機(塔吊)和混凝土攪拌站的位置,現(xiàn)場行政辦公室,勞保和衛(wèi)生設(shè)施如為員工提供臨時住房、食堂、廁所/浴室,安全保衛(wèi)以防止材料被盜和公眾受到傷害,臨時服務(wù)設(shè)施如供電、供水和電話。Reference Translation of Part Two現(xiàn)場分析現(xiàn)場施工開始前,你必須要熟悉現(xiàn)場的所有細節(jié)。你必須分析現(xiàn)場的位置、限制及其特征。下列事項應(yīng)包括在施工現(xiàn)場分析中。做成列表,確保你不會遺漏這些對你有用的項目:位置現(xiàn)場位置包括現(xiàn)場所處的城鎮(zhèn)、街道和地塊編號,以供今后參考。所有權(quán)調(diào)查可以對地塊所有權(quán)進行調(diào)查以確認所指地塊的準確尺寸、形狀及位置。向當?shù)氐耐恋厮袡?quán)辦公室申請,提供物主的名字和地址獲取規(guī)劃圖編號,然后通過辦公室的微電影查看或花點錢買下規(guī)劃圖。土地功能劃分在規(guī)劃開始前,很重要的事就是決定使用地的功能劃分。土地功能劃分因區(qū)域不同而不同并控制土地的用途。例如你不能在只允許建獨戶住宅的標有R1的土地上建一棟公寓。地役權(quán)地役權(quán)是指土地或可使用地的一部分,被法律限制只能用于特殊的用途或目的,例如、通道、排水系統(tǒng)或市政設(shè)施。作為地塊用戶管的一部分,接戶干管或許要鋪設(shè)在地塊的一邊或穿過該地塊的建筑。地役權(quán)會被顯示和注冊在相關(guān)的土地所用權(quán)上。如果建筑妨礙了通道,法律將禁止業(yè)主在注冊的土地上建設(shè)此部分。限定限定是開發(fā)商用于現(xiàn)場對建筑樣式、顏色或外形等的限制條約。例如,莊園(房地產(chǎn))可能不允許用瓦楞鐵皮做柵欄或屋頂。邊界定位建造時,重要的是建在當前可使用地的邊界線內(nèi)。邊界的定位除了土地所有權(quán)證書上描述的以外,還可以參照測量標樁。如果這些都還不能確定,那么,可以要求測量員在現(xiàn)場精確定位并在現(xiàn)場的邊界上楔入測樁,包括地役權(quán)或其它場地的限制。測量員從土地所有權(quán)證書上獲得使用地的尺寸、角度和其它細節(jié)。現(xiàn)場的角落通常用漆成白色的標樁來標示。尺寸場地的尺寸、角度、地域、地段編號和方向都能從土地所有權(quán)圖表中的現(xiàn)場平面圖中獲得,同時還附有其它特征。坡度或梯度如果有等高線,現(xiàn)場的坡度或梯度都會被標注在等高線上。如果沒有,那么將要求測量員或建造人員測量土地來確定地面的高低。這對設(shè)計者和建造者都很重要,因為它或許會決定房子的樣式、地基的類型。如果建的是普通類型的建筑,它或許會決定挖方和填方的延伸。無論如何,土地的坡度在設(shè)計階段就要確定。通道現(xiàn)場通道不僅僅是業(yè)主的要求,對施工者(建造者)也是十分重要的。你應(yīng)該考慮到材料的運輸,尤其是混凝土和磚,并能讓挖掘設(shè)備通過。現(xiàn)場材料儲存的設(shè)備也必須要考慮?,F(xiàn)有特征現(xiàn)場已有的建筑、樹木、植被、柵欄或任何特別的物體必須在現(xiàn)場勘測中描述出來。這將給設(shè)計者、工程師或建造者提供一切機會去考慮設(shè)計和預算。現(xiàn)有建筑可能要求拆除或圍起來,很明顯要增加建設(shè)費用。樹的位置、大小和種類必須標注在現(xiàn)場平面圖上。在某些情況下,大樹可能不允許移走,或者,如果被移走,將會明顯影響到那里的土質(zhì)。移走樹干和樹根很顯然要進行挖掘,這就需要分層回填和夯實。植被施工場地要整潔,必須從現(xiàn)場移走植被。有些現(xiàn)場可能有大量的植被要移走,這必須要考慮在現(xiàn)場準備的預算中。如果建筑正好建在地界邊線上,柵欄可能也是要考慮的項目。如果要建新柵欄,拆除舊柵欄的費用要計算在內(nèi)。明顯特征可使用地的任何其它特征都要標注在現(xiàn)場平面圖上,為設(shè)計者最大可能地去設(shè)計和建造工程,并消除任何潛在的問題。這些特征如水的流向、回填的跡象、現(xiàn)有的挖掘或擋土墻都可能和工程的最初設(shè)計有關(guān)。Unit Three SubstructurePart One, Section A Key to the listening:1) sand 2) give away 3) taking a fair load 4) excavated 5) 500 millimeters6) get through it 7) What if we don’t get through it 8) and put some reinforcement as wellPeter writes a report according to the conversation above . This morning we started excavation. At approximately 500mm depth we came across sand. This was very unexpected and the structural Engineer thought that we had to do something about it. He said we must excavate another 400mm to see whether we could get through it. If we manage to get through the sand, he wanted us to backfill with lean mix concrete before we could pour concrete. But if there was still an outcrop of sand at 450mm, then he would redesign the footing.Part One, Section B5. key to the exercises (section B)I. 1. The foundation transmits the load of the building to the underlying soil.2. Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so into soil.3. A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below.4. The foundation, including the underlying soil and rock, must be safe against s structural failure that could result in collapse. During the life of the building, the foundation must not settle in such way as to damage the structure or impair its function. The foundation must be feasible both technically and economically, and practical to build without adverse effect to surrounding property.5. Foundation Design types of foundation to prevent settlement Excavation excavator to remove soil Earthwork to prevent collapse of excavation Ground Water Control to keep excavation clear of water Waterproofing to prevent water entry II. 1~5 higfd 6~10 bcjaeIII. 1.1) strip foundation。 2) pad foundation 3) raft foundation 4) pile foundation 5) piling 6) caisson2. The pictures show types of foundations. All foundations fall under 4 categories, strip foundation, pad foundation, raft foundation and poled foundation. The first picture shows the strip foundation which is for solid structure. Loadbearing wall will be on this type of foundation. The second picture shows the pad foundation which is for framed structure. The column sets centrally on the foundation. The third picture shows the raft foundation which covers the whole building area. This type of foundation is used where the soil is weak and the load is to spread over a large area. The forth picture shows many piles which may be used for bridge or express train. The loads are transmitted to a low level by means of piles (columns) in the soil. The fifth picture shows the workers are piling on the site. The piled foundation is used where there is no firm bearing strata(地層)and uneven load(不均勻荷載). The last picture shows the caisson which is a type of deep foundation.Part Two Foundation Movementkey to the exercisesI. 1. The three main types of foundation movement are: settlement, swelling and shrinking, shear failure 2. When a building is constructed, its load causes the foundation under it to consolidate. This downward movement is called settlement
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