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quor is made alkaline with slaked lime and the ammonia is distilled out for recycle to the front end of the process .The resulant caicium chloride is a waste or byproducts stream. 索爾維工藝,該工藝發(fā)現(xiàn)于1865 年由ES 優(yōu)化:工藝是以當(dāng)含氮的鹽溶液經(jīng)來自于石灰窯中焦炭燃燒產(chǎn)物CO2 碳酸鹽反應(yīng)時,NaHCO3 沉淀析出為基礎(chǔ)。NaHCO3 經(jīng)過濾、干燥、煅燒生成CaCO3。過濾后NH4Cl溶液和熟石灰反應(yīng)后(溶液體呈堿性)。蒸餾出NH3 在該過程中循環(huán)利用,生成物CaCl2 是廢棄物或副產(chǎn)物。 All the electrolytic processes have in mon the electrolysis of salt to give chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The yast majority of production electrolyses a solution of salt, but there are some significant plants that electrolyze molten salt to give liquid sodium and chlorine. These are used by industries that need the liquid sodium, mainly in the production of tetraalkyl lead petroleum additives, though the petroleum additive panies are diversifying and other uses may are essentially three different types of cell used foraqueous electrolysis: mercury cells, diaphragm cells and membrane cells. Membrane cells are really the only technology that is viable for new capacity in modern plant, but a large amount of old capacity still exists and many panies have not found it economical to replace even their mercury cells ,despite the environmental implications. 所有的電解有著共同之處,鹽的電解生成Cl2 和NaOH。大多數(shù)生產(chǎn)過程是電解(鹽的)水溶液,但是有些重要的工廠,電解熔融鹽生成Cl2 和液態(tài)鈉。這些電解熔融鹽的過程用用于重要液態(tài)Na 的工業(yè)。雖然石油添加劑廠家多種多樣,設(shè)會出現(xiàn)液態(tài)鈉的其他用途,但是他的主要是用于生產(chǎn)四烷基鉛石油添加劑。實質(zhì)上用于水溶液電解過程有三種不同的電解槽:水銀槽、隔板槽和膜電解槽。膜電解槽只是用于此案在化工廠中新的生產(chǎn)過程,但是還存在著大量的舊生產(chǎn)過程,盡管說陰曹涉及到對環(huán)境的影響,但是許多生產(chǎn)廠家上位法此案膜片電解槽代替水印電解槽的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。第11單元 實際上,在運(yùn)用第一、第二定律時,除非用于評價必要的熱力學(xué)函數(shù)變化已經(jīng)存在,否則熱力學(xué)的第一種應(yīng)用不可能實現(xiàn)。通過已經(jīng)建立的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò),從實驗確定的數(shù)據(jù)可以計算函數(shù)變化。 第一定律. 熱力學(xué)第一定律是能量守恒的簡單的一種描述。如圖31 所示,穩(wěn)態(tài)時離開一個過程的所有能量的總和必須與所進(jìn)入該過程的能量總和相等。工程師在設(shè)計和操作各種過程時絕對遵循質(zhì)量和能量守恒定律。所不幸的是,就其本身而言,當(dāng)試圖評估過程的效率時,第一定律引起混淆不清。人們將能量守恒視為一種重要的努力成果,但是事實上,使能量守恒不需要花任何努力— — 能量本身就是守恒的。(重點,很可能會考)第12單元 T