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生兒氧療和早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病(編輯修改稿)

2025-06-22 13:08 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ormal immature retina Normal mature retina 視網(wǎng)膜血管化 Vascularization of the retina begins at approximately 16 weeks gestation at the optic nerve and proceeds peripherally. Retinal vessels reach the ora serrata (the periphery of the eye) on the nasal side at 32 weeks gestation and on the temporal side at 36 to 40 weeks gestation. The numbers in the figure are weeks of gestation. ROP ? 分區(qū) Hemisection looking down into the left eye with the temporal side to the left and the nasal side to the right. Classification. ? Stage 1. ROP I Stage 1. Demarcation line A flat line of demarcation occurs between the vascular and avascular retina. ROP II Ridge. Stage 2. Ridge The line of demarcation acquires volume to bee a ridge. ROP III Stage 3 ROP in Zone II. Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation Neovascularization can be seen within the ridge, and extraretinal vascularization extends out of the retina. ROP IV B Retinal Detachment. 4A: extrafoveal 4B: foveal Stage 4 ROP Partial retinal detachment ROP V Retinal Detachment. Stage 5. Total retinal detachment From the United Kingdom Guidelines for the Screening and Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity. ROP Plus Disease: increased venous dilatation arteriolar tortuosity of the posterior retinal vessels. Two quadrants of the eye must be involved for the changes to be characterised as plus disease. ?合理統(tǒng)一的篩查標(biāo)準(zhǔn) : 美國(guó) ROP篩查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為 BW1500g或胎齡 28周 英國(guó) ROP篩查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為 BW1500g或胎齡 31周 研究認(rèn)為 BW1250g或胎齡 30周 ,最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效 Mathew MR,J Eye,2022。16(5):538542 ROP篩查 隨訪方法 ?首次檢查: 生后 4w ?隨訪時(shí)間: 隨訪至視網(wǎng)膜發(fā)育成熟或病變穩(wěn)定 完全血管化: 3w 無(wú) ROP: q2w 發(fā)現(xiàn) ROP: : q2w 2型: q1w 1型:激光或冷凝 治療 ? 激光 早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變( ROP)篩查 ? 目的是確認(rèn)活動(dòng)性 ROP,以便切除病變視網(wǎng)膜而復(fù)原,阻止瘢痕愈合而造成失明 ? 最高危的新生兒是那些出生體重< 750 g的新生兒。早產(chǎn)兒尤其低出生體重兒(體重< 1 500 g),除非有生命威脅的低血氧癥,否則不主張長(zhǎng)期用氧。更高的氧飽和度范圍( 95%~98%)對(duì)于依靠供氧的早產(chǎn)兒生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育無(wú)明顯益處,而且將增加對(duì)健康的損傷。 ? 衛(wèi)生部指南: ? 篩查對(duì)象:出生體重小于 生體重兒,對(duì)于患有嚴(yán)重疾病的早產(chǎn)兒篩查范圍可適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大 ? 首次篩查時(shí)間:生后 4周 ~6周或矯正胎齡 32周開始,此時(shí)是治療的 “ 時(shí)間窗 ” ,錯(cuò)過 “ 時(shí)間窗 ” 將造成永久失明。 早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變( ROP)篩查 早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變( ROP) ? Boston兒童醫(yī)院: ?胎齡小于 26周,生后 6周開始 ?胎齡 2728周,生后 5周開始 ?胎齡 2930周,生后 4周開始 ?胎齡大于 31周,生后 3周開始 ? 預(yù)防措施是首先嚴(yán)格掌握用氧指征,用氧時(shí),氧濃度一般過高,時(shí)間不宜太長(zhǎng),此外早期應(yīng)用維生素 A、維生素 E,有一定預(yù)防作用,嚴(yán)格地限制輸血能降低 ROP的發(fā)生率,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)、及早治療也很關(guān)鍵 給氧指征 ? 給氧指征:臨床上有呼吸窘迫(中度以上)表現(xiàn),在吸入空氣時(shí),動(dòng)脈氧分壓( PaO2)50 mmHg或經(jīng)皮氧飽和度( TcSO2) 85%者。 ? 治療的目標(biāo):維持 PaO2 50~ 80mmHg,或TcSO2 90%~ 95%(早產(chǎn)兒 88%~ 92%)。 輕度 RS 5 Starts at birth lasts 4 hr
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