【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 and manufacturing operations to be performed and their sequence. A program sheet is then prepared, which consists of the necessary information to carry out the particular operation, such as cutting tools, spindle speeds, feeds, depth of cut, cutting fluids, power, and tool or workpiece relative positions and movements. Based on this information, the part program is prepared. Usually a paper tape is first prepared for trying out and debugging the program. Depending on how often it is to be used, the tape may be made of more durable mylar. （ 1）手工編程。手工編程包括根據(jù)部分工程圖紙首先算出刀具，工件以及工作臺(tái)的尺寸關(guān)系，繼而決定執(zhí)行的操作和工序。那么一個(gè)包括執(zhí)行特定操作所需必要信息的程序表就準(zhǔn)備好了，例如刀具切削，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)給，切削深度，切削液，以及刀具或者工件間的相對(duì)位置或者移動(dòng)。根據(jù)這些信 息，部分程序就準(zhǔn)備好了。通常一個(gè)紙帶首先被準(zhǔn)備好用于試用和調(diào)試程序。根據(jù)紙帶被使用多久，紙袋通常用更耐用的聚酯薄膜制成。 Manual programming can be done by someone who is knowledgeable about the particular manufacturing process and is able to understand, read, and change part programs. Because they are familiar with machine tools and process capabilities, skilled machinists can do manual programming with some training in programming. However, the work involved is tedious, timeconsuming, and uneconomical consequently, manual programming is used mostly in simple pointtopoint applications. 手工編程可以由那些具有特定制造工藝知識(shí)和能夠理解，閱讀以及更改部分程序的人來完成。因?yàn)樗麄兪煜C(jī)床刀具和工藝流程，熟練的機(jī)械師可以做一些手工編程的編程培訓(xùn)。然而，所涉及的工作是乏味的，費(fèi)時(shí)的，因此不合算。手工編程大多數(shù)用于簡單的點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)應(yīng)用上 。 (2) Computeraided programming. Computeraided part programming involves special symbolic programming languages that determine the coordinate points of corners, edges, and surfaces of the part. Programming language is the means of municating with the puter and involves the use of symbolic Characters. The programmer describes the ponent to be processed in this language, and the puter converts it to mands for the NC machine. Several languages having various features and applications are mercially available. The first language that used Englishlike statements was developed in the late 1950s and is called APT (for Automatically Programmed Tools). This language, in its various expanded forms, is still the most widely used for both pointtopoint and continuouspath programming.（ 2） 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程是一種涉及到特殊符號(hào)的編程語言，這種語言可以決定角點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)，刀口以及工件的表面。編程語言是與計(jì)算機(jī)通信的方式 并且涉及到符號(hào)字符。編程員用這種語言描述加工零件，而由計(jì)算機(jī)將零件程序轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)控機(jī)床的執(zhí)行指令。許多種商業(yè)應(yīng)用上的語言有多種多樣的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用。第一種被使用的是類似于英語語句的語言，它在十九世紀(jì)五十年代末被開發(fā)出來并被稱為 APT語言。這種語言，由于它多種多樣的擴(kuò)展形式，一直是最廣泛的用于點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)和連續(xù)路徑編程的語言。 Complex parts are now machined using graphicsbased, puteraided machining programs. A tool path is created in a largely graphic environment that is similar to a CAD program. The machine code (GCode) is created automatically by the program. 復(fù)雜的工件現(xiàn)在使用基本的繪圖進(jìn)行制造 ， 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造程序。刀具的路徑是在類似于一個(gè) CAD程序的大量的繪圖環(huán)境下制造出來的。這種機(jī)器代碼由程序自動(dòng)生成。 Before production begins, the programs should be verified, either by viewing a simulation of the process on a monitor or by making the part from an inexpensive material (such as aluminum, wood, wax, or plastic), rather than from the actual material specified for the finished part. 在生產(chǎn)開始之前，程序應(yīng)該被校驗(yàn)，還有就是通過一個(gè)顯示器觀看工藝流程的模仿或者使用廉價(jià)的材料（例如鋁，木頭，石蠟，或者是塑料）制作工件，而不是使用指定用于已加工零件的真實(shí)材料。 Computeraided part programming has the following significant advantages over manual methods: 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程有以下幾個(gè)優(yōu)于人工方式的重要優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 ● Relatively easy use of symbolic language. ● Reduced programming time. Programming is capable of acmodating a large amount of data concerning machine characteristics and process variables, such as power, speeds, feed, tool shape, pensation for tool shape changes, tool wear, deflections, and coolant use. ● Reduced possibility of human error which can occur in manual programming. ● Capability of simple changeover of machining sequence or from machine to machine. ● Lower cost because less time is required for programming. 比較容易使用的 符號(hào)語言 縮短了編程時(shí)間。編程是一種容納了大量關(guān)于機(jī)械特點(diǎn)和工藝變量數(shù)據(jù)的一種能力，例如動(dòng)力，速度，進(jìn)給，刀具形狀，刀具形狀改變的補(bǔ)給量，刀具磨損，偏轉(zhuǎn)，以及冷卻液的使用。 減少了在人工編程中出現(xiàn)人為錯(cuò)誤的可能性。 因?yàn)榫幊虝r(shí)所需更少的時(shí)間，降低了成本。 The use of programming languages not only results in higher part quality but also allows for more rapid development of machining instructions. In addition, simulations can be run on remote puter terminals, to ensure that the program functions as intended. This method prevents unnecessary occupation of expensive machinery for debugging procedures. 編程語言的使用不僅導(dǎo)致更高的工件質(zhì)量而且考慮到了 機(jī)械指令的更加快速發(fā)展。另外，模擬可以在遠(yuǎn)程計(jì)算機(jī)的終端設(shè)備上運(yùn)行，這就確保了程序按照既定來運(yùn)行。這種方法可以防止昂貴的機(jī)器由于調(diào)試程序產(chǎn)生不必要的占用。 Selection of a particular NC programming language mainly depends on the following factors: 選擇某一種數(shù)控機(jī)床編程語言主要取決于以下幾個(gè)因素： ● Level expertise of the personnel in the manufacturing facility ● Complexity of the part ● Type of equipment and puters available ● Time and costs involved in programming 生產(chǎn)設(shè)施人員的專業(yè)水平級(jí)別 工件的復(fù)雜程度 設(shè)備的外形以及計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用 涉及編程的時(shí)間及費(fèi)用 Because numerical control involves the insertion of data concerning workpiece materials and processing parameters, programming must be done by operators or programmers who are knowledgeable about the relevant aspects of the manufacturing processes being used. Before production begins, programs should be verified, either by viewing a simulation of the process on a CRT screen or by making the part from an inexpensive material, such as aluminum, wood, or plastic, rather than the material specified for the finished part. （ 無英語） 因?yàn)閿?shù)控涉及有關(guān)工件材料和加工參數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)插入，編程必須由有制造業(yè)的相關(guān)方面知識(shí)的操作工和程序員來完成。在生產(chǎn)開始之 前，程序應(yīng)該被校驗(yàn)，還有通過一個(gè) CRT屏幕來觀察工藝流程的模擬或者用廉價(jià)的材料制造工件，例如鋁，木頭或者塑料，而不是使用指定用于已加工零件的真實(shí)材料。 NC part programming languages 數(shù)控編程語言 Probably over 100NC part programming languages have been developed since the initial MIT research…which are generally considered important. 自從 1956念麻省理工學(xué)院的初步研究數(shù)控編程系統(tǒng)以來大概有超過 100種的數(shù)控編程語言已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來了。大多數(shù)語言開發(fā)用于特殊的需求和機(jī)械并且它們沒有經(jīng)受住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。然而，相當(dāng)多的語言在今天一直被使用。在本小節(jié)，我們回顧一下那些被普遍認(rèn)為是重要的語言。 APT APT(自動(dòng)編程工具 )， APT語言是麻省理工學(xué)院研發(fā)的關(guān)于數(shù)控機(jī)床控制編程系統(tǒng)的成果。它的研發(fā)開始于 1956年六月，它第一次用于生產(chǎn)是在 1959年左右。幾天它是在美國應(yīng)用最廣泛的語言。