【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 is Antigenantibody interactions 8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses Viral genomes, replication, and assembly Virushost cell interactions 9. Rebinant DNA methodology Restriction endonucleases。 Blotting and hybridization Restriction fragment length polymorphisms。 DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis。 Polymerase chain reaction II. Organismal Biology 3334% The structure, physiology, behavior, and development of plants and animals are addressed. Topics covered include nutrient procurement and processing, gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids, control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of developmental phemonena range from fertilization through differentiation and morphogenesis. Perceptions and responses to environmental stimuli are examined as they pertain to both plants and animals. Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of selected groups from the various kingdoms are also covered. A. Animal Structure, Function, and Organization 910% 1. Exchange with environment Nutrient, salt, and water exchange Gas exchange。 Energy 2. Internal transport and exchange Circulatory, gastrovascular, and digestive systems 3. Support and movement Support systems (external, internal,and hydrostatic) Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,and muscular) 4. Integration and control mechanisms Nervous and endocrine systems 5. Behavior (munication, orientation,learning, and instinct) 6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity) B. Animal Reproduction and Development 56% 1. Reproductive structures 2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization 3. Early development (., polarity, cleavage,and gastrulation) 4. Developmental processes (., induction,determination, differentiation, morphogenesis,and metamorphosis) 5. External control mechanisms (., photoperiod) C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 67% 1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs 2. Water transport, including absorption and transpiration 3. Phloem transport and storage 4. Mineral nutrition 5. Plant energetics (., respiration and photosynthesis) D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development, with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 45% 1. Reproductive structures 2. Meiosis and sporogenesis 3. Gametogenesis and fertilization 4. Embryogeny and seed development 5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation 6. Control mechanisms (., hormones, photoperiod,and tropisms) E. Diversity of Life 67% 1. Archaebacteria Morphology, physiology, and identification 2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria) Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification 3. Protista Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista (slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships Importance (., eutrophication, disease) 4. Fungi Distinctive features of major phyla (vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction) Generalized life cycles Importance (., deposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and pathogenicity) Lichens 5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships 6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla Alternation of generations Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships III. Ecology and Evolution 3334% This section deals with the interactions of organisms and their environment, emphasizing biological principles at levels above the individual. Ecological and evolutionary topics are given equal weight. Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations to the functioning of ecosystems. Although principles are emphasized, some questions may consider applications to current environmental problems. Questions in evolution range from its genetic foundations through evolutionary processes to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the molecular, individual, population, and higher levels. Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are interrelated in many questions. Some questions may require quantitative skills, including the interpretation of simple mathematical models. A. Ecology 1617% 1. Environment/organism interaction Biogeographic patterns。 Adaptations to environment。 Temporal patterns 2. Behavioral ecology Habitat selection。 Mating systems。 Social systems。 Resource acquisition 3. Population structure and function Population dynamics/regulation。 Demography and life history strategies 4. Communities Interspecific relationships。 Community structure and diversity。 Change and succession 5. Ecosystems Productivity and energy flow。 Chemical cycling B. Evolution 1617% 1. Genetic variability Origins (mutations, linkage, rebination, and chromosomal alterations) Levels (., polymorphism and heritability) Spatial patterns (., clines and ecotypes) HardyWeinberg equilibrium 2. Evolutionary processes Gene flow and genetic drift。 Natural selection。 Levels of selection (., individual and group) 3. Evolutionary consequences Fitness and adaptation。 Speciation。 Systematics and phylogeny。 Convergence,divergence, and extinction 4. History of life Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Fossil record Paleontology and paleoecology Section 4 GRE Subject Test for Chemistry I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY — 15% A. Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics — Errors, statistical considerations B. Solutions and Standardization — Concentration terms, primary standards C. Homogeneous Equilibria — Acidbase,oxidationreduction, plexometry D. Heterogeneous Equilibria — Gravimetric analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations, chemical separations E. Instrumental Methods — Electrochemical methods, spectroscopic methods, chromatographic methods, thermal methods, calibration o