【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 r cent of the waste from the Mediterranean39。s 120 coastal cities is pushed into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach。 rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore.這種惡疾的反復(fù)爆發(fā)是由下水道污水造成的。地中海的120 個(gè)海濱城市中85 ％的垃圾被傾人到供居民們和參觀者游泳嬉戲 釣魚的水域，而且，大多數(shù)城市直接將其廢物傾倒在海灘上，實(shí)際上很少有像坎城和特拉維夫那樣用管道把廢物抽到離海岸半英里的地方。6Less than 100,000 of Greece39。s four million coastal people have sewage properly treated and Greece, as our map shows, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. 在希臘，生活在海濱城市的人有四百萬(wàn)，但只有不到十萬(wàn)的人將他們的污水進(jìn)行適當(dāng)處理。正如我們的地圖所顯示的那樣，希臘還算是北方海岸比較干凈的國(guó)家之一。7The worst parts of the sea are the Israeli / Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length.叫最糟糕的則要數(shù)以色列及黎巴嫩海濱和巴賽羅那與熱那亞之間的海洋部分，那里每年會(huì)向其海岸線的每一英里傾倒200 多噸的污水。8Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesn39。t take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfitt of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate。 but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk.一點(diǎn)也不感到驚奇的是，大面積的淺水區(qū)都滋生著細(xì)菌，而它們接觸到人并不需要花費(fèi)太多的時(shí)間。皇家自由醫(yī)院的威兼 布魯佛特教授曾經(jīng)計(jì)算過(guò)任何到地中侮游泳的人都會(huì)有七分之一感染疾病的可能。其他科學(xué)家說(shuō)這種估計(jì)過(guò)高，但幾乎所有的人都同意游泳者是在冒險(xiǎn)。9An even greater danger 5lurks in the seductive seafood dishes tbat add much interest to holiday menus. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the areas.在那些誘人的、為假日的菜單增色不少的海鮮中還隱藏著一種更大的危險(xiǎn)。貝類水生物是本地區(qū)大部分惡性疾病最主要的攜帶者。10They often grow amid pollution. And even if they don39。t they are frequently infected by the popular practice of freshening them up throwing filthy water over them in markets.他們通常在污染中生長(zhǎng)，而且即使不是這樣，他們也會(huì)被“使它們變得新鮮一些”這一普遍做法所污染― 在市場(chǎng)里它們身上被賣主撥上臟水以保持鮮活。11Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has proper wastetreatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage.工業(yè)也加重了地中海的污染。海岸線上，工廠密密匝匝，即使是最現(xiàn)代化的工廠也鮮有合適的污物處理設(shè)備。他們對(duì)海洋造成的損害同污水造成的差不多。12Fifteen thousand factories 7foul the Italian Ligurian 6riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Yyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The 8lagoon of Venice alone receives the 9effluents factories.15 , 000 家工廠污染著意大利利古里亞的沿海游憩勝地。60 , 。00 家工廠污染著撤丁島和西西里島之間的第勒尼安海，以及西部的意大利海濱！僅威尼斯的礁湖就遭受著76 個(gè)工廠廢水的污染。3More filth es washing down the rivers from industries far inland. The PO and the Rhone are the dirtiest, followed by the Ebro and the Llobregat in Spain, by the Adige and the Tiber in Italy, and by the. Nile.更多的污物來(lái)自于內(nèi)陸工業(yè)，自河流沖人到這里。波河和羅納河是最臟的，其次就是西班牙的埃布羅河、巴塞羅那，意大利的阿迪杰河和臺(tái)伯河，再就是尼羅河。14Thousands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime.數(shù)千噸的殺蟲劑從田間流人海里；數(shù)以百萬(wàn)的洗滌劑從洗碗槽中流出，毒死了海魚；被沖到海里的肥料，滋養(yǎng)了海里的浮游生物并使其數(shù)量激增，它們粘在游泳者身上，成為一層令人發(fā)癢的貓液。15Then there is the oil 350,000 tons pouring each year from ships, 115,000 tons more from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted by oil as the north Atlantic, 40 times as bad as the northeast Pacific.還有就是汽油― 每年有350 , 000 噸廢油從船上倒人海里，還有ns , 00 多噸來(lái)自于海岸周圍的工業(yè)。最近的研究顯示地中海的油污染是北大西洋的四倍，是東北太平洋的40 倍。16Apart from the ninemilewide Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is 10landlocked, virtually unable to 11cleanse itself. It takes 80 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the 12remorseless rush of pollution.除了九英里寬的直布羅陀海峽之外，地中海完全被陸地包圍，因此它實(shí)際上不具備自潔功能。因?yàn)楹{既窄且淺，地中海需要80 年才能完成水循環(huán)進(jìn)行自潔，這個(gè)過(guò)程太緩慢，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)跟不上無(wú)情的污染大勢(shì)肆虐的進(jìn)程。17Weak coastal currents keep sewage and industrial waste close to the shore and gently spin floating oil and tar towards the beaches. And the sea39。s feeble tides can do little to help remove it.海邊的浪花無(wú)力地拍打著海岸，沖不走岸邊的污水和工業(yè)廢料，浪花輕輕地打著旋，把浮著汽油與焦油的海水沖向海灘。18 0f course, the people of the Mediterranean have always used the sea for their wastes. The canals of Venice, the waters of the Bosphorus and the sea off the Nile Delta have been health hazards for centuries.很自然，地中海的人們也總是利用海洋來(lái)處理他們的廢物。威尼斯運(yùn)河、博斯普魯斯海峽和尼羅河三角洲一帶的水域，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)一直威脅著人們的健康。19But the population has increased round the shores to 100 million and a further 100 million tourists e annually. The population of the French and Italian rivie ras trebles every summer.但是，海岸周圍的人口已增長(zhǎng)到了l 千萬(wàn)，而且每年還有1 千多萬(wàn)旅游者來(lái)此旅游。每年夏天，意大利的沿海游憩勝地的人口呈三倍地增長(zhǎng)著。20Three tourists visit the northern shore every year for every yard of beach. With the numbers of holidaymakers expected to double in the next 20 years, it is hard for even the best treatment plants to cope.在北海岸平均每年每碼海岸就有三個(gè)觀光者。在今后20 年里渡假者的數(shù)量有可能會(huì)增加兩倍，到時(shí)即使是最好的污水處理廠也很難應(yīng)付了。21The good news is that the countries of the Mediterranean have been ing together to work out how to save their mon sea.但也有一個(gè)好消息：地中海周圍的一些國(guó)家已經(jīng)聯(lián)合到一起正為拯救他們共同的海洋而努力工作著。22But it will be a long time before the measures they approved take effect in cleaning up the sea.但是離他們一致同意的凈化海水措施確實(shí)產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)之前還有很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間。Unit3 My Friends, Albert Einstein愛(ài)因斯坦是世界上最偉大的科學(xué)家之一，但如果要我用一個(gè)詞來(lái)概括他這個(gè)人的品質(zhì)，那我會(huì)選質(zhì)樸。也許一個(gè)小故事能讓我們略知一二。有一次，天降大雨，愛(ài)因斯坦躲之不及，于是他摘下了帽子，把它夾在外衣下。當(dāng)別人問(wèn)他為什么要這么做時(shí)，他解釋說(shuō)，雨水會(huì)弄壞他的帽子，但是他的頭發(fā)濕了不會(huì)有什么大礙。他的邏輯真是無(wú)懈可擊。他這種本能地把握事物本質(zhì)的能力正是他能夠做出重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的秘訣所在，除此之外，還有他對(duì)美的那種非凡的感覺(jué)。我第一次見(jiàn)到愛(ài)因斯坦是在1935年，在位于新澤西的著名的普林斯頓大學(xué)高級(jí)研究中心。他是最早被邀請(qǐng)到該中心的科學(xué)家之一。薪水方面，研究中心讓他自己全權(quán)決定。但讓研究中心主任感到沮喪的是，愛(ài)因斯坦開出了一個(gè)讓人無(wú)法接受的數(shù)目：他要的實(shí)在是太少了。中心主任不得不懇求他接受一份更高的工資。我對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦充滿了敬畏，因此當(dāng)我想就一些我正在研究的問(wèn)題與他探討時(shí)，一直猶豫不決。最終我還是鼓起勇氣我敲了門，里面?zhèn)鱽?lái)了非常溫和的聲音：請(qǐng)進(jìn)他說(shuō)這個(gè)詞的時(shí)候聲調(diào)上揚(yáng)，聽起來(lái)即像是歡迎又像是在提問(wèn)。我進(jìn)到他的辦公室，發(fā)現(xiàn)他正坐在桌旁，抽著煙斗，演算一個(gè)問(wèn)題。他的衣服很不合身，頭發(fā)亂蓬蓬的。他朝我微笑，表示對(duì)我的熱忱的歡迎。他的自然隨意立刻讓我放松了。當(dāng)我開始闡述自己的見(jiàn)解時(shí)， 他叫我把方程式寫在黑板上， 這樣他就能明白它們是怎么 展開。 接著他提出了一個(gè)令人驚鄂但又非?？蓯?ài)的請(qǐng)求： “請(qǐng)你漫漫地寫， 我理解東西不快。 ” 這種話竟出自愛(ài)因斯坦之口！他說(shuō)得很溫和，我笑了。從此殘留的畏懼之情都煙消云散了。 愛(ài)因斯坦于 1879 年出生在德國(guó)的烏爾姆市。 他并非神童式的人物。 事實(shí)上他說(shuō)話很晚， 他的父母甚至擔(dān)心他是弱、智兒。上學(xué)后,雖然老師們看不出他