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e is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (,引文出處與上相同。本例為整段引用,即block quotation, 前后空五號字一行 )All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy metaphors are the most pleasing. Aristotle also holds that metaphor can make the prosaic style charming, and stresses that it can only be confined to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay 1). Also in this chapter of Poetics, he elaborates how metaphors are unusual and discusses the relationship between metaphor and genius, viewing metaphor as a talent of epic poets and tragedians:引文:前縮進(jìn)10個字母、后不縮進(jìn)、上下各空1行The greatest thing by far is to have a mand of metaphor. This alone can not be imported by another。 it is the mark of genius—for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances ( Aristotle 72). As Hawks writes about Aristotle’s account of metaphor:引文:前縮進(jìn)10個字母、后不縮進(jìn)、上下各空1行It is abundantly clear that, as an entity in itself, metaphor is regarded as a decorative addition to language, to be used in specific ways, and at specific times and places (ibid. 89). In Rhetoric,(書名下劃線) Aristotle says that the best metaphors are those that achieve the effect of bringing things vividly before the eyes of the audience....... 一級標(biāo)題單獨(dú)起頁、Times New Roman三號、頂格加粗、下空小四一行III. On Similarity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………一級標(biāo)題單獨(dú)起頁、Times New Roman三號、頂格加粗、下空小四一行IV. On the Mechanism of Metaphor二級標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號、頂格加粗、上空一行、下不空行…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Black’s Interaction Theory三級標(biāo)題、Times New Roman小四號、頂格加粗、上下不空行 Introduction to Interaction Theory Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards’ theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(Richard 89). The most important in this definition is “two active thoughts interact with each other.” He first provided the basic terminology and conceptual framework for discussing metaphor. He argued that metaphor consists of two terms, the tenor, or topic, and the vehicle, and the 二級標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號、頂格加粗、在頁首時