[專(zhuān)業(yè)課]語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)板塊及考點(diǎn)總結(jié)(編輯修改稿)
2025-04-19 00:41 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 least two meaning, which are intrinsically or etymologically related.e. homonymy: homography( the same spelling with different pronunciation and distinct meaning) homophony(the same pronunciation with different spelling and distinct meaning)f. meronymy11nian: partwhole relation(4) sense: words are assigned with some meaning systematically, each being more or less unique in the lexical or grammatical system of language./abstract conceptual(5) reference: the entities a word donates outside the language system./concrete entities(6) semantic field: those belong to the same category fall into the same semantic field.(7) marked/unmarked: In each pair of antonyms that is more monly used is unmarkedneutral meaning。 marked is used when special circumstance calls for it.(8) idiom: opaque(the meaning of the phrase cannot be deduced by bining the meaning of the individual words that make it up)/transparent。 not subject to change or modification (9) prototype: the item as the best exemplar defining a category, in which all members share the same attribute.(10) prototype theory: a concept is not seen as a set of critical features, but rather in terms of a most typical instance. The advantage of this is that it allows for categories with fuzzy boundaries, rather than binary cuttings(constitutional analysis).(11) semantic extension(rhetorical device):a. metaphor: the description of one thing in terms of another(abstract→concrete and familiar)b. conceptual metaphor: often contains a systematic conceptual metaphorc. orientational metaphor: has to do with how something is physically located in spaced. ontological metaphor: to treat experience and phenomena as discreet entities.e. metonymy: a kind of substitution in which one thing is used to stand for anotherf. iconicity: the way the physical form of a language corresponds to the real experience being referred to(. onomatopoeia)g. synecdoche: a part used for the whole, etc.h. radiation: the new meaning is independent of all the rest, and may be traced back to the central significationi. concatenation: a word moves gradually from its original sense as a result of successive semantic changes.(12)denotation, connotation, paradigmatic, syntagmatic(omitted)⑤ pragmatics(1) semantic positionality: the meaning of plex expression is determined by their constituents.(2) recursive syntax: words phrases, and even sentence can be bined in accordance with all sorts of rulesboth the two alone cannot guarantee the appropriate use of language (3) linguistic end in pragmatics: how linguistic forms are used to perform social actions(4) social end: how socialcultural factors bear on the use of language(5) cotext: the preceding and the following linguistic items in a given utterance(6) situational context: concerning where and when the munication takes place and also the number and identity of the participants involved.(7) personal deixis—central personal: current speaker(8) time dexiscentral time: the time at which the speaker produces the utterance(9) place deixis—central place: the location at the utterance time(10) discourse dexis discourse central: the point which the speaker is currently at in the production of his utterance(11) social dexissocial center: the speakers social status and rank, to which the status or rank of the addressee is relative(12) constative: description of facts or states of affairs(13) performative: the saying itself acplish a certain action(. I promise~) a. the use of first person subjectb. simple present tense c. indicative mood, active voice and a performative verb(14) speech act: the basic or minimal unit of linguistic munication, can be performing three ponent act at the same time:a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying sthb. illocutionary act: the intended act behind saying sth。 focus of pragmatic studyc. perlocutionary act: the intended effect of an illocutionary act(. Jane said to john, “I am hungry. John leave and e back with some food for Jane. locutionary act: Jane’s utteranceillocutionary act: an implicit request for John to bring some food for herperlocutionary act: John get some food for Jane)言語(yǔ)分析例題(15) illocutionary speech act are categorized into five types。a. representative: stating, asserting, explaining, predicting, and classifyingb. directive: ordering, manding, requesting, instructing, and pleadingc. misive: promising, vowing, pledging, offering, and bettingd. expressive: thanking, apologizing, congratulating, and condolinge. declaration。 appointing, naming, christening, vetoing, dismissing, and declaring(16) indirect speech act: people always perform one act via performing another linguistically or nonlinguistically.(17) A theory of the illocutionary act(from 胡)a. A speech act is an utterance as a functional unit in munication. In speech act theory, utterances have two kinds of meaning.1
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