【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 述了這樣一個場面。其他的詞都不準(zhǔn)確。Example 2At the beginning of the century, medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are 1 not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to 2 that we all have an internal “body clock” which 3 the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the 4 . These forces became known as biorhythms。 they create the 5 in our everyday life.1*[A]built [B]shaped [C]molded [D]grown2*[A]demonstrate [B]illustrate [C]present [D]propose3 [A]designates [B]fluctuates [C]calculates *[D]regulates4 [A]second [B]latter *[C]other [D]next5 [A]“ups” and “downs” [B]“goods” and “bads”[C]“pros” and “cons” [D]“highs” and “l(fā)ows”在解答第5題時，考生應(yīng)注意上下文的提示，特別是同義表述。這一段的主要內(nèi)容是人體生物鐘（body clock）的發(fā)現(xiàn)，及生物鐘對人體的影響。如果我們注意到上文中的the rise and fall of our body energies，就可得知生物鐘影響人體的能量節(jié)律的起落。這樣第5題空格處應(yīng)選一個與“起落”有關(guān)的詞。而A選項通常用于描述人生的沉浮。正確答案D選項恰當(dāng)?shù)孛枋隽诉@一高低變化。the rise and fall of our body energies和“highs” and “l(fā)ows” in our everyday life正好是一對同義表述。2 邏輯紐帶邏輯紐帶包括表示轉(zhuǎn)折、引申、列舉、因果、對比等邏輯關(guān)系的過渡詞，通常是連詞、連接性副詞和詞組。英語知識運(yùn)用部分很注重考查考生的語篇意識，因此正確運(yùn)用表示邏輯關(guān)系的過渡詞是歷年來的一個重要的考查內(nèi)容。下面列舉出常見的邏輯關(guān)系過渡詞：轉(zhuǎn)折however（2002年第29題、1998年第47題、2007年第9題、2008年第14題）, yet, but, anyhow, anyway, nevertheless, while(2005年第1題), whereas (1997年第48題,2005年第9題)，instead, instead of( 2000年第41題)；遞進(jìn)besides, further, moreover, most important, in addition, furthermore, too, also(2005年第16題), and then, again, indeed(2006年第1題)；條件、讓步if, only if（2000年第42題）,in spite of, despite, though, although（2002年第31題,2006年第7題）, even so, even though (1997年第44題), rather, after all, regardless, while(2006年第14題)；原因、 結(jié)果because(2004年第22題,2003年第24題), since, as (1997年第42題), for, due to, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that , accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, so that (2003年第35題), to this end；比較、對比likewise, at the same time, in the same way, in parison, in contrast, like, as, just as, conversely, on the contrary (2003年第38題)，while(2007年第12題)；列舉、舉例first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, another, finally, still, namely, that is, for instance（2009年第14題）, for example（2003年第28題）, as an example, specifically, in particular；時間關(guān)系before（2001年第36題）,after, until, till，meanwhile，subsequently。強(qiáng)調(diào)certainly, indeed, above all（2009年第18題），surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, truly, obviously以上這些連詞、連接性副詞和詞組能夠顯示出作者的思路及文章意義重心的變換。因此，掌握邏輯過渡詞，是把握作者思維脈絡(luò)和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的重要手段。下面我們舉一個例子簡單地說明一下。Example 3It can, of course, be argued that though the vast majority of people contribute to the funds of social security equally, workingclass persons are more likely to receive social security benefits than upperclass persons. This is true for those benefits which can be classed as being for forms of diswelfare, to use Titmusss term, . a form of monetary pensation for the hardship they suffer through the operation of the social and economic systembenefits for industrial disability, unemployment and illness as well as supplementary benefits. It is not, 1 , true of retirement pensions and they after all account for at least half the expenditure of social security widely defined. Since retirement pensions are paid to all who have paid the necessary number of contributions they involve a negative form of vertical redistribution of ine—from the poor to the rich— 2 retired persons of higher ine groups live longer than those of lower ine groups. 1. [A] furthermore [B] therefore [C] however [D] otherwise2. [A] though [B] if [C] because [D] while第1題是一個比較典型的邏輯關(guān)系題。考生只有把握上文和下文的內(nèi)容，弄清上下文之間的語義關(guān)系，才能選出正確答案。這段選文主要是講社會保障金在不同收入人群中的分配所引起的爭議——低收入人群比高收入人群更有可能得到社會保障金。第2句This is true for those benefits which...和第3句It is not, 1 , true of...分別陳述了兩種情況。而第3句在內(nèi)容上與第2句構(gòu)成了一種轉(zhuǎn)折的語義關(guān)系。所以此題選C. however。而furthermore表示遞進(jìn)，therefore表示因果，otherwise表示補(bǔ)充，這三個選項顯然都不合適。我們再來看第2題。此題也需要對上下文有一個總體的把握才能做對。前面一句是說退休金發(fā)給所有已經(jīng)繳納一定款額的人，這樣收入低的人們就陷入了一種消極的收入垂直再分配——從低收入人群流向高收入人群。我們再看空格后的一句，高收入的退休者比低收入的退休者活得長。很顯然，后一句是前一句的原因，它們之間是因果關(guān)系。所以C. because為正確選項。3 段落主題句的作用在解題時可以利用短文第一句和最后一句把握文章主題，找出答題線索。通過對近十年英語知識運(yùn)用短文首尾兩句話的分析與總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然只是短短的兩句，卻包含著非常豐富的信息。文章開頭一句(有時是主題句，有時不是主題句)往往會或多或少地包含以下信息：what→涉及的事件/事物及其狀況或特征where→地點(diǎn)when→時間who→相關(guān)的人物why→相關(guān)原因how→有關(guān)的論點(diǎn)下面是1999年～2008年研究生入學(xué)考試英語試卷中使用過的短文的首句，我們把其中分別包含的信息整理如下：Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.（2009年 what，how）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008年 what，how)。By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had bee independent nations.(2007年 when,who, how)；The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.(2006年who ,how)。The human nose is an underrated tool.(2005年what,how)。Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinguency(crimes mitted by young people)focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. (2004年what,how)。Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. (2003年who，how)；Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. (2002年what， how， when)；The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. (2001年who，what，how)；If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. (2000年who，why，how)；Industrial safety does not just happen. (1999年what，how)；從第一句話，我們就能知道這篇短文大概要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容。我們再來看看這十篇短文末尾一句的特點(diǎn)。作為全文最后一句，作者通常會把自己的觀點(diǎn)加以總結(jié)或強(qiáng)化，構(gòu)成首尾呼應(yīng)。這樣一來，文章保持了一致和連貫，同時也為解題提供了依據(jù)。尾句通常包含以下信息：conclusion→結(jié)論suggestion→建議或提示summary→對全文的概括或總結(jié)result→事件發(fā)展的結(jié)果influence→事情的影響或后果下面是歷年研究生入學(xué)考試英語試卷中使用過的短文的最后一句：_20 the results are inconclusive.（2009年influence）His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted i