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分析相結(jié)合、定性分析與定量研究相結(jié)合的方法,分別對(duì)德江縣退耕還林工程的社會(huì) ,經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)效益進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。通過對(duì)德江縣退耕還林工程的社會(huì)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益評(píng)價(jià)分析,結(jié)果表明: ( 1) 退耕還林工程促使德江縣產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)日趨優(yōu)化、人口素質(zhì)得到提高、人民生活質(zhì)量明顯改善、社會(huì)更加穩(wěn)定,有利于社會(huì)進(jìn)步。 ( 2) 退耕還林工程實(shí)施后, 直接促使退耕農(nóng)戶的純收入得到提高,在工程的實(shí)施過程中國(guó)家直接投入大量資金到農(nóng)戶手中,此外對(duì)退耕地的補(bǔ)貼政策也為退耕戶的收入提供了保障,經(jīng)果林成林后也能直接產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益, 同時(shí)還為社會(huì)提供大量林 副產(chǎn)品 , 此外,退耕地成林后每年的木材蓄積量增加,也帶來大量的潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。 。退耕還林還 能 促使區(qū)域勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率提高,農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,畜牧業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。 ( 3) 生態(tài)效益價(jià)值計(jì)量結(jié)果表明,德江縣 2021~ 2021 五年間實(shí)施的退耕還林工程林地每年產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益為 3 萬元。其中固土保肥效益約占全部效益的 57%,可見德江縣退耕還林工程的主要生態(tài)效益是固土保肥;其次是固碳釋氧效益,約占 24%;再次是改善小氣候效益,約占 15%;最后是水源涵養(yǎng)效益。由此可見,開展退耕還林工程不僅抑制了德江縣的水土流失,還對(duì)全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)起 著一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用。 5 關(guān)鍵詞:德江縣,退耕還林,社會(huì)效益,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,生態(tài)效益 ,評(píng)價(jià) Study on Evaluation of the Social, Economic ,Ecological Benefits of the Consolidation Phase of the Program of Converting Farmland to Forestry Land in Dejiang County Abstract The social and economic changes in Dejiang County from 2021 to 2021 were selected as the object of the social and economic benefits evaluation, the Program of converting farmland to forestry land implemented in 2021 was selected as the object of the ecological benefits evaluation, the social, economic and ecological benefits of the Program of converting farmland to forestry land in Dejiang County were evaluated in this paper. Based on the research of analyzing the current effectiveness of domestic and international forestry projects and the evaluation index system, the appropriate way to evaluate economic and ecological benefits of consolidation stage of the Program of converting farmland to forestry land was selected, the index system was defined. The method of bining random sample survey and statistical data analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative research were used in evaluating the social, economic and ecological benefits of the Program of converting farmland to forestry land in Dejiang County, the social, economic and ecological benefits of the Program of converting farmland to forestry land in Dejiang County were analysised . The results showed that: (1) Though the Program of converting farmland to forestry land in Dejiang County, the industrial structure was promoted, the quality of the population was improved, the quality of people39。s life was significantly improved, the society is more stable and progressive. (2) After carrying out the Program of converting farmland to forestry land in 6 Dejiang county, the average annual GDP growth rate is more than 10%。 the ine of the farmers per capita was growed steadily。 local finance was doubled from 2021 to 2021。 at the same time, a large number of forestry byproducts were provided to the munity. The labor productivity was increased, the industrial structure in rural areas was optimized, Animal Husbandry was developed flourishly by implementing the Program of converting farmland to forestry land . (3) The results of the value of ecoefficiency measurement showed that: the ecological benefits generated per year by the Program of converting farmland to forestry land implemented from 2021 to 2021 is 34,838,100 Yuan. the efficiency of fertilizering and consolidation was about 57% of all the benefits of the Program of converting farmland to forestry land Dejiang County, the results showed that the main ecological benefits of the Program of converting farmland to Forestry land is the efficiency of fertilizering and consolidation. the benefits of oxygen release and Carbon sequestration came next, was accounting for about 24%。 the benefits of improving the microclimate was third, was accounting for about 15%。 the benefits of conserving water resources is last. The results showed that carrying out the project of converting farmland to forestry land not only can suppress water and soil loss, but also can adjust the global ecosystem. Key words: Dejiang County Converting Farmland to Forestry land Social benefits Economic benefits Ecological benefits Evaluate 7 1 前言 研究背景 環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題,是當(dāng)今國(guó)際社會(huì)普遍關(guān)注的重大問題。保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境,是全人類面臨的緊迫而又艱巨的任務(wù)。人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展在經(jīng)歷了原始文明、農(nóng)業(yè)文明、工業(yè)文明之后,已進(jìn)入生態(tài)文明的新紀(jì)元。長(zhǎng)期以來,經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和科技的進(jìn)步,在給我們帶來了前所未有的物質(zhì)文明質(zhì)的飛躍的同時(shí),也給我們帶來了諸如環(huán)境污染加劇、生態(tài)惡化、氣候異常、生物多樣性急劇減少等日益嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題,對(duì)人類的生存和發(fā)展造成了嚴(yán)重的威脅。保護(hù)和改善人類賴以生存的生態(tài)環(huán)境,已成為全社會(huì)的普遍共識(shí)和迫切需要。在這方面,國(guó)際社會(huì)一直在進(jìn) 行著不懈的努力: 1972 年,聯(lián)合國(guó)主持召開的“世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)”,呼吁世界各國(guó)注意保護(hù)環(huán)境,通過了《人類環(huán)境宣言》,并確定了每年的 6月 5日為“世界環(huán)境日”。 1992 年召開的“世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)”,通過了《里約環(huán)境與發(fā)展宣言》、《 21 世紀(jì)議程》、《生物多樣性公約》、《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》等一系列國(guó)際公約。 在國(guó)際公約的框架下,我國(guó)也相繼制定了《中國(guó) 21 世紀(jì)議程 中國(guó)人口、資源與環(huán)境發(fā)展白皮書》、《中國(guó)防治荒漠化國(guó)家行動(dòng)方案》、《中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》,并付諸行動(dòng)。我國(guó)的生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)雖然取得了巨大的成就 ,但也應(yīng)清醒地看到,我國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境仍很脆弱,邊治理邊破環(huán)的問題仍然很突出,生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的趨勢(shì)還沒有得到有效的遏制,形勢(shì)還十分嚴(yán)峻,主要表現(xiàn)在以下四個(gè)方面:一是水土流失日趨嚴(yán)重。全國(guó)水土流失面積也達(dá) 367萬 km2,約占國(guó)土面積的 38%。近年來,很多地區(qū)水土流失面積、侵蝕強(qiáng)度、危害程度呈加劇的趨勢(shì),全國(guó)平均每年新增水土流失面積 1萬 km2。二是荒漠化土地面積不斷擴(kuò)大。據(jù)國(guó)家林業(yè)局 8 防治荒漠化監(jiān)測(cè)中心 2021 年數(shù)據(jù),截至 1999 年,我國(guó)荒漠化土地面積 萬 km2,占國(guó)土總面積的 28%。三是生物多樣性急劇下降。據(jù)國(guó) 家林業(yè)局瀕危物種管理辦公室 1999 年數(shù)據(jù),由于森林減少,野生動(dòng)物棲息地日益縮小,生存空間遭到嚴(yán)重破壞,動(dòng)植物種類日益減少。 50年來,我國(guó)約有 200 種植物和 10余種野生動(dòng)物滅絕,在 97 種國(guó)家一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物中,有 20余種瀕于滅絕。四是自然災(zāi)害日益頻繁。從 1950 年至 1989 年,我國(guó)平均每年洪澇面積約 ,干旱面積約 3 億畝,而 90年代平均每年洪澇面積增至 2. 5 億畝,干旱面積增至 3. 4億畝。特別是 1998 年長(zhǎng)江和松花江、嫩江流域發(fā)生的特大水災(zāi),使全國(guó)上下都強(qiáng)烈地意識(shí)到,改善生態(tài)環(huán)境己經(jīng)成為全國(guó)人民面臨的一項(xiàng) 緊迫的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù),成為中華民族生存與發(fā)展的根本大計(jì) (周生賢, 2021) 。 作為生態(tài)環(huán)境重要組成部分的森林,是陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主體,是重要的基因庫、碳貯庫、蓄水庫和能源庫,對(duì)維系整個(gè)地球的生態(tài)平衡起著至關(guān)重要的作用,它對(duì)保持水土、涵養(yǎng)水源、調(diào)節(jié)氣候、凈化空氣、防風(fēng)固沙、養(yǎng)護(hù)物種具有不可替代的作用。因此,保護(hù)森林、發(fā)展林業(yè)在改善生態(tài)環(huán)境,促進(jìn)人與自然的協(xié)調(diào)與和諧發(fā)展中具有舉足輕重的地位 (蔣延玲等, 1999) 。退耕還林(草)工程的實(shí)施,正是國(guó)家最高決策層為適應(yīng)中央政府和全國(guó)人民對(duì)加快林業(yè)發(fā)展,促進(jìn)生態(tài)建設(shè)的要求所作的 英明決策。 退耕還林(草)工程的主要任務(wù)是通過采取“退耕還林 (草 )、封山綠化、以糧代販、個(gè)體承包”的措施,從根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)長(zhǎng)江、黃河流域水土流失和北方地區(qū)土地沙化嚴(yán)重的局面,遏制中西部地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境不斷惡化的態(tài)勢(shì),促進(jìn)農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整及區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定和協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。 退耕還林(草)工程是我國(guó)迄今為止投資量最大的生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)工程,也是涉及面最廣、政策性最強(qiáng)、群眾直接參與的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)工程。 1999 年,退耕還林工程試點(diǎn)工作在陜西、甘肅和四川三省率先開展。 2021 年,工程擴(kuò)展到西部 13個(gè)省 (市 )的 174 個(gè)縣。截止到 2021年,整個(gè)試點(diǎn)工作已完成 116. 24 萬 hm2的退耕還林還草任務(wù)和 100. 12 萬 hm2的荒山荒地造林任務(wù),累計(jì)投入資金達(dá) 76. 8億元。到 2021 年,工程正式全面展開,即從試點(diǎn)到了大規(guī)模推廣時(shí)期。其范圍從以西部為主的 20 個(gè)省 (區(qū) )進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展到全國(guó) 25 個(gè)省 (區(qū)、市 ), 1 897 個(gè)縣。2021 年中央就安排了 300 多萬畝的退耕計(jì)劃,相當(dāng)于試點(diǎn)階段年均退耕規(guī)模的 6 9 倍。 2021 年又新增退耕面積 333. 3