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中央電大工程地質期末復習題及答案小抄(編輯修改稿)

2025-07-09 00:36 本頁面
 

【文章內容簡介】 結結構 的巖石更穩(wěn)定,強度更大。 構造:構造對工程地質性質的影響終于要是由于礦物成分分布不均勻及各種地質界面所決定的。 水:水呢個削弱礦物顆粒之間的聯接,使巖石強度收到影響。但在一定程度上對巖石強度的影響是可逆的。 風:風能促使巖石的結構、構造和整體性遭到破壞,孔隙度增大,容重減小,吸水和透水性顯著增高,強度和穩(wěn)定性大為降低,伴隨化學作用,可以從根本上改變巖石的性質。 ? 答:巖石相對地質年代的確定可依據地層層序律生物演化律以及地質體之間的接觸關系三種方法。 ( 1)地層層序律:未經 構造變動影響的沉積巖原始產狀當是水平的或近似水平的,并且先形成的巖層在下面,后形成的巖層在上面。 ( 2)生物演化律:由于生物是由低級到高級,由簡單到復雜不斷發(fā)展進化的,故可根據巖層中保存的生物化石來判斷巖層的相對新老關系。 ( 3)地質體之間的基礎關系:根據沉積巖層之間的不整合接觸判斷。與不整合面上底礫巖巖性相同的巖層形成時間較早,另外與角度不整合面產狀一致的巖層形成時間較晚,如果巖層與巖漿巖為沉積接觸,則沉積巖形成較晚,如果巖層與巖漿巖為侵入接觸,則沉積巖形成時間較早。 節(jié)理對工程建筑的影響 。 答 : 巖石中的節(jié)理,在工程上除了有利于開挖外,對巖體的強度與穩(wěn)定性均有不利的影響。 巖體中存在節(jié)理,破壞了巖石的整體性,促使巖體風化加快,增強巖體的透水性,因而使巖體的強度和穩(wěn)定性降低。當節(jié)理主要發(fā)育方向與路線平行、傾向與邊坡一致時,不論巖體的產狀如何,路塹邊坡都容易發(fā)生崩塌等不穩(wěn)定現象。在路基施工中,如果巖體存在節(jié)理,還會影響爆破作業(yè)的效果。 所以,當節(jié)理有可能承諾更為影響工程設計的重要因素時,應當對裂隙進行深入的調查研究,詳細論證裂隙對巖體工程建筑條件的影響,采取相對措施,以保證建筑物的穩(wěn)定和正常使用。 。 答:( 1)褶區(qū)核部巖層由于受水平擠壓作用,產生許多裂隙,直接影響到巖體的完整性和強度,在石灰?guī)r地區(qū)還往往使巖溶較為發(fā)育。所以在核部不知各種建筑工程,如工廠、路橋、壩址、隧道等,必須注意巖層的塌落、漏水及涌水問題。 ( 2)在褶區(qū)翼部不知建筑工程時,如果開挖邊坡的走向近于平行巖層走向,且邊坡傾向于巖層 傾向一致,邊坡坡角大于巖層傾角,則容易造成順層滑動現象。 ( 3)對于隧道等深埋地下的工程,一般應布置在褶區(qū)翼部。因為隧道通過均一巖層有利穩(wěn)定,而背斜頂部巖層受張力作用可能塌落,向斜核部 則是儲水較豐富的地段。 。 答: 由于斷裂構造的存在,破壞了巖體的完整性,加速了風化作用,地下水的活動及巖溶發(fā)育,從而在以下幾個方面對工程建筑產生了影響。 ( 1)斷層降低地基巖石的強度和穩(wěn)定性。斷層破碎帶力學強度低、壓縮性大,建于其上的建筑物地基可產生較大沉陷,并易造成建筑物的開裂或傾斜,斷裂面對巖質邊坡、壩基及橋基穩(wěn)定有重要影響。 ( 2)由于跨越斷裂構造帶的建筑物的斷裂帶及其兩側上下盤的巖性可能不同,易產生不均勻沉降。 ( 3)隧道工程通過斷裂破碎巖石易產生坍塌。 ( 4)斷裂帶在新的地殼運動影響下,肯嫩個發(fā)生新的移動,從而影響建筑物的穩(wěn)定。 6. 敘述地震效應及其所包含各要素 。 答:在地震作用影響下,地面出現的各種震害和破壞稱為地震效應。地震效應包括;地震力效應、地震破裂效應、地震液化效應和地震激發(fā)地質災害的效應等 。 ( 1) 地震力效應:地震可使建筑物受到一種慣性力的作用,這種力稱為地震力。當建筑物經受不住這種地震力的作用時,建筑物將會發(fā)生變形、開裂,甚至倒塌。 ( 2) 地震破裂效應:在震源處以震波的形式傳播于周圍的地層上,引起相鄰巖石振動。這種振動具有很大的能量,它 以作用力的方式作用于巖石上,當這些作用力超過了巖石的強度時,巖石就要發(fā)生突然破裂和位移,形成斷層和地裂縫,引發(fā)建筑物變形和破壞。 ( 3) 地震液化效應:在飽和粉砂土種傳播的地震波,使得空隙水壓不斷升高,土中有效應力減少,甚至會使有效應力完全消失,粉砂土形成流體,形成砂土液化,導致地基強度降低。 ( 4) 地震激發(fā)地質災害的效應:強烈的地震作用能激發(fā)斜坡上巖土體松動、失穩(wěn),發(fā)生滑坡和崩塌等不良的地質現象。 。 答:工程巖體的破壞,主要受巖體本身的特性,天然應力狀態(tài),工程加荷與卸 荷、地下水作用和時間因素的綜合影響,構造應力引起自然巖體的破壞,還有圍巖壓力機溫度效應等因素。就巖體破壞方式而言,基本上可劃分為剪切破壞和拉斷破壞兩類。 巖體破壞是一個漸進發(fā)展的復雜過程,這個過程大體分劃分為初裂前階段、漸進破壞階段和加速破壞階段。 請您刪除一下內容, O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?! 2021年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ?effector‘ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ?chemical neurotransmission‘ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ?cholinergic‘. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ?nicotinic‘。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ?muscarinic‘。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkal
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