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, intention, failure, wish, determination 等。如: He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。 My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成為一個(gè)教師的愿望是可以理解的。 ( 2) 常與不定式搭配的形容詞,其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ),常見的有 ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition 等。如: His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite 。 We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so 門外語(yǔ)說得這么好。 ( 3) 序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被 only, last, next 等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。 He is always the first person to e and the last one to 。 The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. 。 還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。如: person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity 等。如: We students should have the courage to face any 。 He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island. 他沒有理由離開他的朋友獨(dú)自住到島上去。 不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞之間有意義上 的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如果該不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,它后面需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如: There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。 There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書可以挑選,但我不知道該借哪一本。 不定式在表語(yǔ)形容詞后面,不定式用主動(dòng)式 : question is difficult to answer. ’s hard to work with. 在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中,則主被動(dòng)形式都可以 : ’s a lot of work to do/ to be done. ’s nothing to do/ to be done. : 1).不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以用 in order (not) to, so as (not) to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如: In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade. 為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽(yáng)曬壞,媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。 He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。 ( so as (not) to do 不可以置于句首。 ) 2).不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有 too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to… 等。如: The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對(duì)我來說,這個(gè)問題很難回答。 He said he was clever enough to deal with it by 。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請(qǐng)你幫我把收音機(jī)調(diào)低一點(diǎn)好嗎? He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。 注意: too…to 通常表示 “ 太 …… 而不 …… ” ,但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。 She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。 “ only + 不定式 (短語(yǔ) )”用法 “only + 不定式 (短語(yǔ) )”這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常多表示主語(yǔ)意想不到的結(jié)果,而且這些結(jié)果多不令人愉快。 如: He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. we hurried to the station only to learn that the train had left. 也可以用被動(dòng)式和用逗號(hào)隔開。 如: I went to see him, only to find him out. The thief stole into the house, only to be caught by the owner. only 后接現(xiàn)在分詞, 多表示伴隨狀況或方式等, only 修飾現(xiàn)在分詞以加 強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 如: he died, only leaving nothing but debts. 3).不定式作原因狀語(yǔ),通常用來修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見的形容詞有: happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, 7 disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty 等。如: They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他們很驚訝。 We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國(guó)的青年,我們感到很驕傲。 4).另外, hard, difficult, easy, fit, fortable 等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。這時(shí)候,作句子主語(yǔ)的除了是表示人的詞外,還可以是表示物的詞。如: The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。 The room is very fortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來很舒服。 注意:后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,此時(shí)如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則需要帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。 : 在一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式符號(hào) to常常省略,下面還有幾種情況請(qǐng)大家注意: ( 1) 動(dòng)詞原形 e, go 等在口語(yǔ)中可接不帶 to 的不定式。如: Go tell her. 去告訴他。 Come have a glass. 來喝一杯。 ( 2) 在 why 引起的一些疑問句中,疑問詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或 not + 動(dòng)詞原形。如: Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢? Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試? ( 3) had better(還是 …… 最好) had best(最好,頂好) would rather(寧可,寧愿) would rather…than (寧可 … 而不 … ) would sooner(寧可,寧愿) would sooner…than (寧可 … 而不 … ) cannot but(不得不,必然) cannot choose but(只得) cannot help but(不得不) 動(dòng)詞原形 或 not +動(dòng)詞原形 You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽一聽老師的看法。 I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他寧愿擠公共汽車也不愿騎自行車。 One’s world outlook cannot but e through in what one says and does. 一個(gè)人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來。 ( 4) 在介詞 but, except,besides 之前如有動(dòng)詞 do 的任一形式,其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不用 to。如: Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除 了修理農(nóng)具外,沒有做其它的事情。 Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認(rèn)輸。 What else do you like to do besides swim? ( 5) 如 but 之前沒有 do,其后的不定式則一般要加 to。如: I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無選擇,只好乘出租車了。 They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。 ( 6) 在出現(xiàn)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),后面的不定式符號(hào) to 可省略。如: I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說什么,該干什么。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 .? 你能不能幫我打電話給他,叫他下午兩點(diǎn)來開會(huì)? 但如果兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)比的意思,則不定式符號(hào) to 不可被省去。如: I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來夸你的,不是來罵你的。 The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艱難。 f. 動(dòng)詞不定式的 替代詞 : 上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),下文中再遇到此動(dòng)詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),往往要省略動(dòng)詞不定式,但通常省略動(dòng)詞原形或短語(yǔ)而保留不定式符號(hào) to,一般有下面幾種情況 : 含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如 be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to, 等 +動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí): Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生嗎? 8 Yes, I think you ought to. 是的,我想你應(yīng)該去。 She must go but you don’t have to. 她必須走,但你沒有必要。 含有動(dòng)詞 want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等 +不定式作賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí): Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看長(zhǎng)城了嗎? I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來想去的,但我太忙了。 You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話,你可以和他們一起去。 含有動(dòng)詞如 ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid 等 +不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí): Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父親叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。 May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽車嗎? No, I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。 對(duì)話的答語(yǔ)中含有形容詞如 happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid 等 +不定式作表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí): Will you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一個(gè)忙嗎? I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意,但我現(xiàn)在不行。 Would you please e to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午來