【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 tional point of view. [B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information. [C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given. [D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected. [答案與考點解析 ] 1. 【答案】 D 【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題型。該題的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根據(jù)本句的內(nèi)容即可得出本題的正確答案是 D?？忌訌妼︻}干的理解和認(rèn)識，并且要善于找到原文和題干相吻合之處，否則就會失去解題思路。 2. 【答案】 B 【考點解析】本題是一道句間關(guān)系題型。本題的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒數(shù)第一、二句。從尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每種假設(shè)都有缺陷 )可以判斷：作者認(rèn)為“從浪尖上伴輕風(fēng)飛起”是不可能的?？忌?強對句子之間語意關(guān)系的理解。 3. 【答案】 C 【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。其答案信息在第三段。題干中問翼龍和鳥類骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及兩者相同與不同。第三段的尾句暗示本題的正確答案是 C?？忌诮忸}時應(yīng)加強審題定位的能力。 4. 【答案】 B 【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題的正確答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。這三句話的內(nèi)容暗示本題的正確答案是 B，即動物的外型通常受環(huán)境要求和生理能力的影響?？忌诮忸}時應(yīng)注意提高對原文信息的歸納推導(dǎo)能力。 5. 【答案】 B 【考點解析】本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)識別題。尾 段的第一句對所談現(xiàn)象提出了三種解釋，然后針對每一種解釋進(jìn)行科學(xué)上的否定?？梢姳绢}的正確答案是B?？忌趶?fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)該加強對段落結(jié)構(gòu)的識別能力。 [參考譯文 ] 第一批會飛的脊椎動物 —— 翼龍的化石，已經(jīng)讓古生物學(xué)家感興趣達(dá)兩個多世紀(jì)了。這種有時和大型滑翔機一樣重，而且翅膀展開達(dá) 8— 12米寬的龐然大物是如何克服飛行時的重力，以及這種生物到底是屬于鳥類還是爬行動物，對科學(xué)家們來講仍舊是個謎。 可能，最少引起爭論的意見就是翼龍是爬行動物。它們的頭蓋骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行動物類型。對它們翅膀的解剖學(xué)研究證明它們尚未 進(jìn)化為鳥。翼龍每個前肢的大大延長的第四指支撐一個翅膀狀的薄膜，其它指頭小，而且是典型的爬行動物式，有尖爪。而鳥類的第二指進(jìn)化成為翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛構(gòu)成的。當(dāng)翼龍四肢爬行時，其它指可以用來抓取。而當(dāng)它行走或不動時，第四指，連同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身體兩側(cè)呈倒轉(zhuǎn)的 V字型。 翼龍和鳥類以及蝙蝠在總體結(jié)構(gòu)及比例上很相似。這并不奇怪，因為任何飛翔脊椎動物都要受空氣動力的約束。翼龍和鳥都有中空的骨頭，這是為了節(jié)省重量。不過在鳥類中，這種骨頭受內(nèi)部支柱影響，重量大大增加。 盡管爬行動物通常全身鱗片，翼龍卻 可能擁有毛發(fā)。赫胥黎對此解釋說，飛翔脊椎動物肯定已經(jīng)是熱血動物，因為飛翔要求一個高新陳代謝率，后者要求一個較高的體溫。赫氏設(shè)想一層毛發(fā)覆蓋物可以隔絕身體熱量的損失，從而使身體在減輕飛行重量方面更為有效。最近一些有又長又密且厚的毛發(fā)的翼龍化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，終于明白無誤地證明赫氏的觀點是對的。 解釋翼龍怎樣起飛的努力產(chǎn)生以下設(shè)想：它們從懸崖上起跳，或從樹上起跳或者甚至從浪尖上伴輕風(fēng)飛起。每種假設(shè)都有缺陷。第一種錯誤地設(shè)想翼龍的后爪象蝙蝠一樣，鉤子似的掛著為飛行做準(zhǔn)備。第二種看來也不可能，因為大型翼龍不可能降在樹上而不 傷害它們的翅膀。第三種假設(shè)必須要有高浪來形成上升氣流才能實現(xiàn)。然而，能產(chǎn)生此種大浪的風(fēng)可能對翼龍來說過于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就無法控制自己。 SAMPLE 3 [歷史學(xué) ] 題目序號 題型歸類 第 1題 中心主旨題型 第 2題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 第 3題 段落間關(guān)系題型 第 4題 審題定位題型 第 5題 段落間關(guān)系與指代詞題型 Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly twothirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced. To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifthcentury Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change. The mon explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival. No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the monly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion. 1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text? [A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed. [B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifthcentury Athens. [C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453. [D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress. 2. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses [A] in 600. [B] during the seventh century. [C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost. [D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning. 3. In the third paragraph, the author mo