【文章內容簡介】 logist Joshua Aronson puts it, but as“ a transact tion among people.Mr. Aronson, an associate professor at New York University, has been a leader in investigating the effects of social forces on academia achievement. Along with the psychologist Claude Steele, he identified the phenomenon known as“stereotype (刻板印象) threat.”Members of groups believed not to be academically good score much lower on tests when reminded in advance of their race or gender.The pair39。 s experiments in the 1990s concluded that the performance of these students suffered because they were worried about confirming negative stereotypes about their group.Minorities are n39。 t the only ones easily hurt by stereotype threat. We all are. A group of people especially confident about their mathematical abilities did worse on a math test when told that the experiment was intended to investigate “why Asians appear to perform better than other students on tests of math ability.And in a study published earlier this year in the joumal Learning and Individual Differences, high school students did worse on a test of spatial(空間的) sills when told that males are better at solving spatial problems because of genetic differences between males and females. The girls were anxious about confirming assumptions about their gender, while the boys were anxious about living up to them.The evolving literature on stereotype threat shows that performance is always social in nature.Even alone in an exam room, we hear a chorus of voices assessing, evaluating, passing judgment. And as social creatures, humans are strongly affected by what these voices say.28. What does the underlined word “transaction in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Spatial reasoning skills.B. The ability to remember information.C. Interaction between us and the environment.D. Passing on knowledge from teachers to students.29. After being told males typically perform better than females in math, males are most likely to perform__________________.A. better than females B. the same as femalesC. worse than usual D. worse than females30. Which of the following “voices in our head may influence performance on an exam?A.“I am as prepared as I can be.39。B.“I am supposed to do well on this.C.“The testing room is different from my classroom.D.“I am solving the problems faster than the one sitting in front of me.31. How do stereotypes threaten our academic achievement?A. Making us unintelligent.B. Reminding us of our weaknesses.C. Limiting our spatial reasoning skills.D. Raising our anxiety level. .DThe stomach is an extremely strong organ, full of acid to break down each meal. In order to prevent this acid from bumming a hole in our stomachs and damaging other organs, our stomach lining is specially adapted to contain the acid safely.H. pylori are able to live in the stomach by living in the lining , safe from harsh stomach acid. These bacteria are actually pretty mon in people, approximately a third of Australians have H. pylori in their bodies, but not all have symptoms.The bacteria can eventually create infection in stomach lining, a condition known as gastritis(胃炎)，by wearing away the lining and allowing stomach acid to burn away stomach tissue, causing painful ulcers( 潰瘍).Up until the 1980s, it was thought that bacteria could not survive in stomach acid. The cause of stomach ulcers was due to lifestyle choices: stress, smoking, spicy foods。 the stomach acid was breaking through the lining on its own.This belief was first questioned in 1979 by Robin Warren, an Australian pathologist ，who found bacteria on a microscope slide containing the stomach lining of a patient with gastritis. In the years that followed Warren continued his research.Warren then teamed up with Barry Marshall in 1981 and the two continued with the research, trying to separate the mystery bacteria and find a cure. Over the next three years, they tested their theories with some positive results ，however the idea that bacteria could be the cause of gastritis was not widely accepted or even acknowledged.Finally, fed up with being ignored and confident in his findings, Barry Marshall decided to test on himself. He infected himself w