【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 人不可思議。 67%的人曾至少有一個(gè)ACE得分, %(八分之一)的人 有四或四以上的ACE得分。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的第二點(diǎn), 是ACE與健康狀況之間 存在著一種劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系： ACE得分越高,健康狀況越糟糕。 如果一個(gè)人的ACE分?jǐn)?shù)大于等于4分, 他患慢性阻塞性肺病的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 。 。 。 自殺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是12倍。 ACE分?jǐn)?shù)大于等于7的人 終身都有3倍的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患上肺癌, 這種目前在美國(guó) 當(dāng)屬頭號(hào)殺手的疾病。
　　Well, of course this makes sense. Some people looked at this data and they said, amp。quot。Come on. You have a rough childhood, youamp。39。re more likely to drink and smoke and do all these things that are going to ruin your health. This isnamp。39。t science. This is just bad behavior.amp。quot。
　　當(dāng)然,這其實(shí)挺有道理。 有些人看了這些數(shù)據(jù)之后會(huì)說(shuō), amp。quot。好啦,你有個(gè)糟糕的童年, 你更容易酗酒和抽煙, 還去做一切 會(huì)毀掉你健康的事情。 這又不是科學(xué),這只是壞的行為而已.amp。quot。
　　It turns out this is exactly where the science es in. We now understand better than we ever have before how exposure to early adversity affects the developing brains and bodies of children. It affects areas like the nucleus accumbent, the pleasure and reward center of the brain that is implicated in substance dependence. It inhibits the prefrontal cortex, which is necessary for impulse control and executive function, a critical area for learning. And on MRI scans, we see measurable differences in the amygdala, the brainamp。39。s fear response center. So, there are real neurologic reasons why folks exposed to high doses of adversity are more likely to engage in highrisk behavior, and thatamp。39。s important to know.
　　然而,事實(shí)證明我們恰恰要用科學(xué)來(lái)分析它。 目前,我們前所未有的更加理解 早年遭受的不幸 會(huì)怎樣影響兒童大腦和身體的發(fā)育。 早年遭受的不幸會(huì)影響大腦的伏隔核 (nucleus accumbens) 人腦中與快樂(lè)和獎(jiǎng)賞相關(guān) 的處理中心, 它與amp。quot。物質(zhì)依賴amp。quot。疾病相關(guān)。 早年遭受的不幸 還會(huì)抑制大腦的前額葉皮質(zhì)(Prefrontal cortex), 而前額皮質(zhì)對(duì)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)控制 與執(zhí)行功能是必不可少的, 這個(gè)區(qū)域?qū)τ趯W(xué)習(xí)能力非常關(guān)鍵。 在核磁共振成像掃描(MRI)上, 我們觀察到大腦的恐懼反應(yīng)中樞 杏仁核(amygdala)中, 存在可以測(cè)量的差異。 因此,這便可以從神經(jīng)學(xué)角度詮釋： 為什么人們一旦遭受大量不幸, 則更容易出現(xiàn)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為。 了解了這點(diǎn)十分重要。
　　But it turns out that even if you donamp。39。t engage in any highrisk behavior, youamp。39。re still more likely to develop heart disease or cancer. The reason for this has to do with the hypothalamicamp。ndash。pituitaryamp。ndash。adrenal axis, the brainamp。39。s and bodyamp。39。s stress response system that governs our fightorflight response. How does it work? Well, imagine youamp。39。re walking in the forest and you see a bear. Immediately, your hypothalamus sends a signal to your pituitary, which sends a signal to your adrenal gland that says, amp。quot。Release stress hormones! Adrenaline! Cortisol!amp。quot。 And so, your heart starts to pound, your pupils dilate, your airways open up, and you are ready to either fight that bear or run from the bear. And that is wonderful if youamp。39。re in a forest and thereamp。39。s a bear. (Laughter) But the problem is what happens when the bear es home every night, and this system is activated over and over and over again, and it goes from being adaptive, or lifesaving, to maladaptive, or healthdamaging. Children are especially sensitive to this repeated stress activation, because their brains and bodies are just developing. High doses of adversity not only affect brain structure and function, they affect the developing immune system, developing hormonal systems, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed.
　　但事實(shí)證明, 即使你不從事任何高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行為, 你仍然更容易患上 心臟疾病或癌癥。 因?yàn)檫@與amp。quot。下丘腦垂體腎上腺軸amp。quot。有關(guān) 它是大腦和身體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)系統(tǒng), 支配我們做出amp。quot?；驊?zhàn)或逃反應(yīng)amp。quot。 (fightorflight response)。 這一系統(tǒng)是如何運(yùn)行的呢? 想象你漫步在森林里, 突然看到一頭熊。 你的下丘腦會(huì)立即 向你的垂體發(fā)送信號(hào), 垂體再向你的腎上腺發(fā)送信號(hào)： amp。quot。釋放應(yīng)激激素! 腎上腺素! 皮質(zhì)醇!amp。quot。 你的心臟因而開(kāi)始快速跳動(dòng), 瞳孔擴(kuò)張,呼吸道打開(kāi), 這時(shí)你已準(zhǔn)備好： 要么就和熊戰(zhàn)斗,要么就逃跑。 這個(gè)反應(yīng)很棒 如果你在森林里, 那還有一只熊。 (笑聲) 可問(wèn)題是,假如每個(gè)晚上 熊都回家來(lái)該怎么辦, 這