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? How do the binations (interactions) of factors affect the response?各因素之間的相互作用怎樣影響試驗響應? – We can write the equation that answers these questions 可以用以下公式進行預測 Y = f (X1, X2, X3, …, X n) Y (Response) = Distance Xi (Factors) = Club, Ball, Wind Distance=Constant + Club Effect + Ball Effect + Wind Effect + Club*Ball Interaction Effect + Club*Wind Interaction Effect + Ball*Wind Interaction Effect + Club*Ball*Wind Interaction Effect 29 Fractional Factorial Fit Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Distance (coded units) Term Effect Coef StDev Coef T P Constant Clubs Wind Ball Clubs*Wind Clubs*Ball Wind*Ball Clubs*Wind*Ball Analysis of Variance for Distance (coded units) Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Main Effects 3 2Way Interactions 3 3Way Interactions 1 Residual Error 8 Pure Error 8 Total 15 Distance= + *Clubs + *Ball + *Wind + *(Club*Ball) + *(Club*Wind) *(Ball*Wind ) + * (Club*Ball*Wind ) 30 Fractional Factorial Fit Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Distance (coded units) Term Effect Coef StDev Coef T P Constant Clubs Wind Ball Clubs*Wind Clubs*Ball Wind*Ball Clubs*Wind*Ball Analysis of Variance for Distance (coded units) Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Main Effects 3 2Way Interactions 3 3Way Interactions 1 Residual Error 8 Pure Error 8 Total 15 由于只有 Clubs, Wind, Balls 的 Main Effect 和 Clubs*Wind, Wind*Ball 的 Interaction Effect is Significant (p ) Distance= + *Clubs + *Ball + *Wind + *(Club*Wind) *(Ball*Wind ) 31 球棒 , 球和風以及球棒 *風 , 球 *風之間的相互作用 對提高成績有顯著影響 Distance= + *Clubs + *Ball + *Wind + *(Club*Wind) *(Ball*Wind ) Distance Max = + + + + = 為得到最佳成績, 必須使用 Callaway球棒、 Titliest球在有風的場地上練習 Key 1 Callaway 1 Ping 1 Windy 1 No wind 1 Pinnacle 1 Titliest 試驗結論 32 試驗策略 ?重復 (Replication) : 以隨機的次序把整個試驗重做一次,而不是按同樣的次序把試驗再做一次。 ?隨機化 (Randomization): 以一種無固定模式的次序來做試驗。 試驗需考慮的 2個原則: 重復 (Replication) 和 隨機化 (Randomization) : 試驗設計 (DOE)的 Ramp。R 33 有效試驗的障礙 問題不清楚 試驗目的不清楚 不理解 DOE的策略和工具 試驗結果不清楚 DOE 成本太高 DOE 浪費時間 我們需要即時的結果 不理解 DOE的好處 對 DOE缺乏信心 34 DOE 試驗 Customers of CHI (Cellulose Helicopters Inc.) have been plaining about the limited flight time of CHI helicopters. 公司的客戶 CHI 抱怨 公司直升機 的 巡航 飛行時間 太短 Management wants to increase flight time to improve customer satisfaction. 公司 決定 通過 提高直升機的 巡航飛行時間 來提高 客戶 滿意度 。 You are put in charge of this improvement project. 你 將 負責該項目 How would you approach this problem? 你將 怎樣 來 解決 這 個 問題 呢 ? 35 The Standard Design 直升機的標準設置 別針處 Factor因子 Standard標準 () Paper Clip 別針 無 Wing Width 機翼寬度 寬 Body Le