【正文】 USAF, 2001。Many discussions with respect to the relative stealthiness of fighter aircraft are limited to merely paring radar cross section estimates while entirely neglecting alternate means of detecting aircraft such as RWRs or other emission locator systems. David Axe succinctly pares the process of how RWRs function to how a flash light carried by another person is easily visible in a dark room. AESAs emit a substantial amount of energy, especially designs with a greater number of T/R modules, which enables passive emission locator systems to detect an AESA. The addition of an LPI software for AESAs mitigates the risk of RWR detection.許多有關(guān)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)“相對(duì)隱身性”的討論，只限于比較雷達(dá)截面積評(píng)估，而完全忽視了其他對(duì)空偵察手段，例如：雷達(dá)告警接收機(jī)（RWR）和其他輻射定位系統(tǒng)。提赫米洛夫儀器制造研究院制造的N036 AESA雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)擁有1500個(gè)T/R組件，與電子掃描陣列（ESA）IrbisE雷達(dá)（無(wú)源相控陣PESA）孔徑尺寸相似，后者在與Su27機(jī)身結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)相仿的Su35上使用。J10B飛機(jī)可能是首款使用AESA系統(tǒng)的中國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)；J10B單位在2014年10月形成初步作戰(zhàn)能力（IOC）。Image 2: US early production quad packed transmit receiver modules. The United States no longer produces quad channel T/R modules and has since produced single T/R module designs. Less advanced AESAs such as the ZhukAE utilize multiT/R channel designs, it is possible China39。 performance figures associated with domestically produced radars is even harder to verify. This article39。美國(guó)在AESA技術(shù)上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，完全得益于冷戰(zhàn)后期的巨額投資。通過(guò)減小單個(gè)T/R組件的體積，封裝技術(shù)決定了再固定的空間內(nèi)可容納的最大T/R組件數(shù)量。Image 3:The image which allegedly describes the number of TR modules within the J10B, J16, and J20 has been posted on numerous defense forums since at least December of 2013.圖3：該圖展示了截止2013年12月前在眾多軍事防御論壇廣泛登載的J10B、J16和J20上AESA系統(tǒng)的T/R組件數(shù)量。比如：朝峰（音譯）認(rèn)為，J10B和J16的AESA系統(tǒng)為裝備J20的AESA系統(tǒng)提供技術(shù)測(cè)試，而后者則是中國(guó)第二代有源相控雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)。即便南京電子技術(shù)研究所（NRIET）或中國(guó)雷華電子技術(shù)研究所（607研究所）擁有足夠先進(jìn)的封裝技術(shù)將1856個(gè)T/R組件裝進(jìn)J20的鼻子，如此密度的T/R組件結(jié)構(gòu)將造成嚴(yán)重的散熱問(wèn)題。進(jìn)入作戰(zhàn)包線后，接近F22的一系列目標(biāo)將自動(dòng)獲得更高的跟蹤精度。s avionics were able to jam and track multiple F22 and F15 radars during the exercise (Fulghum, Sweetman, Perrett amp。在AESA系統(tǒng)中增加低截獲（LPI）軟件設(shè)計(jì)，將在一定程度上降低AESA被RWR偵測(cè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)兩代AESA系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，中國(guó)航空工業(yè)技術(shù)水平趕超美國(guó)和俄羅斯同行的可能性值得懷疑，因此，作者懷疑1760個(gè)T/R組件的信息源于對(duì)未經(jīng)證實(shí)圖片的武斷猜測(cè)，因而造成了J16 AESA系統(tǒng)比美國(guó)和俄羅斯最先進(jìn)AESA系統(tǒng)多260個(gè)T/R組件的說(shuō)法。作為比較，配裝F16C/D Block 60的APG80 AESA雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)擁有1000個(gè)T/R組件（美國(guó)國(guó)防科技局，2001）。少數(shù)先進(jìn)AESA系統(tǒng)，例如：ZhukAE雷達(dá)，使用多聯(lián)裝T/R組件封裝技術(shù)，中國(guó)第一代AESA系統(tǒng)可能也使用了多聯(lián)裝T/R組件設(shè)計(jì)。一些基礎(chǔ)信息，例如裝備特定戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)的名稱或型號(hào)與其生產(chǎn)廠商有關(guān)；中國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)雷達(dá)的性能參數(shù)很難被證實(shí)。APG63(V)2是世界范圍內(nèi)最先裝備戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)并投入使用的雷達(dá)。s nose.三個(gè)主要因素決定了戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)雷達(dá)可容納的T/R組件數(shù)量：飛機(jī)機(jī)頭的容積容量、T/R組件封裝技術(shù)的成熟度，以及雷達(dá)的熱管理系統(tǒng)的工作效率。這種熱交換機(jī)可以是類似汽車引擎散熱器的風(fēng)冷器，也可以是安放在油箱中的浸入式熱交換器。Image 4: T/R module count of US AESAs based upon the 2001 Defense Science Board report Future DoD Airborne HighFrequency Radar Needs/Resources(link provided in Source 1 citation, refer to page 6). Image Credit: Air Power Australia, 2008.圖4：美國(guó)AESA系統(tǒng)T/R組件數(shù)量，數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自美國(guó)國(guó)防科學(xué)委員會(huì)2001年報(bào)告《未來(lái)國(guó)防機(jī)載高頻雷達(dá)需求和資源》。s thermal management system (Kopp, 2008). Without an effective cooling system, the Type 1475 would not be reliable at peak power output and would cause significant maintenance issues. Furthermore, with such a high number of T/R modules, the Type 1475 would be vulnerable to radar warning receiver (RWR) systems such as the ALR94 without a very capable low probability intercept (LPI) mode.J20 AESA系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)為1475型?！薄狟ill Sweetman，2001。 Wall, 2011）。s situational awareness while minimizing the chance that its signals will be distant targets get less radar attention。The tentative designation for the J2039。Russia’s firs