中國(guó)有源相控陣技術(shù)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及其戰(zhàn)略影響(完整版)
【正文】 （天線陣面）越大。少數(shù)先進(jìn)AESA系統(tǒng)，例如：ZhukAE雷達(dá)，使用多聯(lián)裝T/R組件封裝技術(shù)，中國(guó)第一代AESA系統(tǒng)可能也使用了多聯(lián)裝T/R組件設(shè)計(jì)。相比較傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)冷戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)雷達(dá)而言，AESA系統(tǒng)將更加可靠，但同時(shí)需要更高的功耗和更苛刻的散熱需求，通過發(fā)射更高功率電磁波信號(hào)，就可以獲得更遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)探測(cè)距離性能（但更高的發(fā)射功率同樣意味著雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)可能更早被敵方ESM或RWR設(shè)備偵測(cè)而暴露）。作為比較，配裝F16C/D Block 60的APG80 AESA雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)擁有1000個(gè)T/R組件（美國(guó)國(guó)防科技局，2001）。The prospect of China’s TR packaging technology being on par with US firms within a single generation of radars is even more dubious when one examines the preference for an incremental technological development within the Chinese aerospace industry. Several Chinese aviation authors have hypothesized that the J10B serves as a “technological stepping stone” with respect to the development of the more advanced J20. For example, Feng Cao argues the J10B and the J16 AESAs were likely used to test technology related to the J20’s AESA which would be a second generation Chinese design. By virtue of the larger nose volumes in the J16 and J20 airframes, it is highly probable the two aircraft will feature radars with more T/R modules than the J10B’s radar. 通過參考中國(guó)航空工業(yè)的漸增性開發(fā)模式不難推測(cè)，在單獨(dú)一代雷達(dá)中，中國(guó)的封裝技術(shù)水平很難趕超美國(guó)同行。通過兩代AESA系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，中國(guó)航空工業(yè)技術(shù)水平趕超美國(guó)和俄羅斯同行的可能性值得懷疑，因此，作者懷疑1760個(gè)T/R組件的信息源于對(duì)未經(jīng)證實(shí)圖片的武斷猜測(cè)，因而造成了J16 AESA系統(tǒng)比美國(guó)和俄羅斯最先進(jìn)AESA系統(tǒng)多260個(gè)T/R組件的說法。J20的機(jī)頭鼻錐空間比F22更大，該款噴氣式飛機(jī)機(jī)身更長(zhǎng)，重量更大，目前，尚未見有關(guān)于機(jī)頭鼻錐部位具體容量參數(shù)的相關(guān)報(bào)道。在AESA系統(tǒng)中增加低截獲（LPI）軟件設(shè)計(jì)，將在一定程度上降低AESA被RWR偵測(cè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Image 6: Engagement boundaries for the AN/APG77. Targets automatically receive higher tracking accuracy as they enter engagement boundaries in proximity to the F22. The boundary concept facilitates automated sensor tasking and efficient sensor usage which contributes towards increased situational awareness and fewer emissions by the array (Ronald W. Brower, 2001). Image Credit: Ronald W. Brower amp。s avionics were able to jam and track multiple F22 and F15 radars during the exercise (Fulghum, Sweetman, Perrett amp。在該測(cè)試中，F(xiàn)35的機(jī)載航電設(shè)備可以對(duì)多種F22和F15的雷達(dá)實(shí)施干擾和跟蹤（Fulghum, Sweetman, Perrett amp。進(jìn)入作戰(zhàn)包線后，接近F22的一系列目標(biāo)將自動(dòng)獲得更高的跟蹤精度。s signals are managed in intensity, duration and space to maintain the pilot39。即便南京電子技術(shù)研究所（NRIET）或中國(guó)雷華電子技術(shù)研究所（607研究所）擁有足夠先進(jìn)的封裝技術(shù)將1856個(gè)T/R組件裝進(jìn)J20的鼻子，如此密度的T/R組件結(jié)構(gòu)將造成嚴(yán)重的散熱問題。Image 5: The sixth and most recent (as of January 2015) unveiled J20 testing aircraft model 2015.圖5：最新曝光（2015年1月）的第六代J20測(cè)試驗(yàn)證機(jī)（代號(hào)：2015）。比如：朝峰（音譯）認(rèn)為，J10B和J16的AESA系統(tǒng)為裝備J20的AESA系統(tǒng)提供技術(shù)測(cè)試，而后者則是中國(guó)第二代有源相控雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)。無(wú)論是俄羅斯還是以色列，以與F16機(jī)頭鼻錐容積相類似的Mig35和以色列F16，在其第一代AESA雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)中均未能放置1000個(gè)T/R組件。Image 3:The image which allegedly describes the number of TR modules within the J10B, J16, and J20 has been posted on numerous defense forums since at least December of 2013.圖3：該圖展示了截止2013年12月前在眾多軍事防御論壇廣泛登載的J10B、J16和J20上AESA系統(tǒng)的T/R組件數(shù)量。與機(jī)械掃描（MSA）系統(tǒng)不同，風(fēng)冷散熱系統(tǒng)不足以防止散熱相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)故障以及由其引起的頻繁維修費(fèi)用：“Due to the behavior of microwave transistor amplifiers, the power efficiency of a TR module transmitter is typically less than 45%. As a result, an AESA will dissipate a lot of heat which must be extracted to prevent the transmitter chips being molten pools of Gallium Arsenide reliability of GaAs MMIC chips improves the cooler they are run. Traditional air cooling used in most established avionic hardware is ill suited to the high packaging density of an AESA, as a result of which modern AESAs are liquid designs employ a polyalphaolefin (PAO) coolant similar to a synthetic hydraulic fluid. A typical liquid cooling system will use pum
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