【正文】 improve delivery, help them in transferring knowledge to the counterpart, help them build supply chain. 46 Long Term Arrangement: – LTA offer a number of advantages: – they offer the value for money advantages of centralized procurement without the monly associated level of bureaucracy – a single tendering exercise over the life of the arrangement reduces administrative effort and cost for the Department – the initial tendering process will have identified petitive suppliers, who should then offer more petitive prices on the basis of the expected value of business – quality assurance and legal requirements will have been dealt with at the outset – Completion Report 47 Long Term Arrangements: – calloffs are covered by UNDP Standard Terms and Conditions bined with special terms and conditions appropriate to the items being procured and will, in general, provide better protection than individual small purchases under the supplier39。 Performance Security ? Remedies for lateness or failure to perform to specification – Liquidated Damages – Time is of the Essence( Time of performance shall be essence of this contract) Any delay converts into breach of contract – Force Majeure 73 Contract Format: ? Purchase Order ? Professional services contract ? Institutional Services Contract ? SSA ? SC ? RLA ? Civil works Contract ? Long Term Arrangement 74 Practical Tips: ? Procurement must be framed with clear and accurate clients requirements and appropriate evaluation process. ? If there is one thing you have to get right, it is evaluation methodology. Once its is put out, you have crossed the rubicon. ? Purchasers must be scrupulous in e。 Ethics is self imposed) ? Code of conduct (Established in the new CAP User Guidelines) ? Ethical belief is a personal choice, however ethical conduct can be mandated by an anization. ? Ethics are moral boundary or values within we work 68 Procurement Ethics: ? Integrity: – Open and effective petition – Environmental sustainability ? Ethics vs. Compliance ( Ethics encourages responsible conduct and pliance prevent misconduct。 ?Requisitions。 3 0 0 S e r i e s )18%P r o j e c t P e r s o n n e l ( S C )12%F e l l o w s h i p s2%UNV5%T r a v e l8%C o n s u l t a n t s ( S S A )10%6 UNDP Global Procurement Trends 87 9014019595010201130135005001000150020xx 20xx 20xx 20xxI A P S ON E XD E XT o t al7 PO A m o u n t6%28%13%53% 2 . 5 K2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K 2 . 5 K 2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K 3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K T o t a lP O C o u n t 7 4 , 2 8 5 4 4 , 9 5 7 3 , 5 4 0 1 , 5 2 7 1 2 4 , 3 0 9A m o u n t ( $ m ) 70 353 169 758 1 , 3 5 0PO C o u n t60%36%3% 1% 2 . 5 K2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K8 A tl a s T r a n s a c ti o n s (PO ) w i th V a l u e 1 0 0 K21%19%7%7%18%28%AAPASECHQL A C* Note: HQ data includes IAPSO and UNV A AP AS EC HQ L A C G r a n d T o t a l313 281 116 112 266 439 1527165 183 85 32 135 158 7589 Procurement amp。 300 Series) –18% Goods Service 45 % 63% G o o d s a n d S e r v i c e s45%P r o j e c t S t a f f ( 2 0 0 amp。 ?Source of funds。s standard conditions – the agreed range of items or services should be at short notice thus reducing or avoiding stock holding for goods and reducing downtime on equipment maintenance and repairs – the supplier benefits in terms of planning stock levels and continuity of supply – a mutually beneficial longerterm working relationship can be established with suppliers – Calloff create legal obligation and not LTA 48 Purchasing Card: ? Tool for procurement of low value contracts . less than $2,500. ? Aims to reduce petty cash and number of payment transactions. ? Monthly limit set at $10,000 ? Can’t be used for procurement of assets. ? Facilitate P2P. ? No transaction fee ? Payment cycle 30 days. 49 Procurement Process: ? Planning is not an analysis but identifying the activities and direction of activities ? Formalization phase determine the sourcing approach, evaluation criteria and solicitation documents. It formalizes the requirement based on budget ? Implementation covers all functions that pertain to the acquisition, including description of requirements, selection and solicitation of sources, preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. It may also include logistics. ? Final phase consists of audit, evaluation and feedback 50 Tips on writing an effective SOW ? Be clearuse simple, direct language. ? Use active, not passive tenses ( The seller shall conduct the test as opposed to a test should be conducted, language is the dress of thoughts) ? Spell the buyer’s obligation carefully ? Provide a ceiling on the extent of services ? Identify all constraints and limitations ? Include standards that will make performance measurement possible and meaningful ? In case of goods, focus should be in providing functional and performance specifications 51 Purchasing a service: ? Services are more difficult to evaluate than goods. Goods have objective standards ? Supplier of services are often reluctant to provide benchmark ? Excellent services are easy to monitor but mediocre or poor services are difficult to evaluate. ? Goods can be returned whereas services cannot ? Poor quality services may continue undetected and cause greater problems ? Because of above differences the reputation and the experience of supplier is more important ? Key purchasing criteria: Reputation, References, Experience, Current Clients, Equipment, price etc. 52 Purchasing