【正文】 ailing, sales per employee is $106,790 and sales per dollar of startup capital is $。盡管連鎖經(jīng)營規(guī)模大 ,比年輕的公司更資本化 ,但自主創(chuàng)業(yè)更有利可圖 ,他們的生存的前景好于特許經(jīng)營。簡而言之 ,走特許經(jīng)營路線的企業(yè)比有獨立所有權的商業(yè)擁有更高的存活率，但利潤率沒有后 者高。一些受限制的企業(yè)主數(shù)據(jù)庫是排除 了已納稅 公司的定期數(shù)據(jù) : 僅包括獨資企業(yè) ,合伙企業(yè) . B 年輕小公司生存方式的測量 :對數(shù)據(jù)庫中備案的考慮 大多數(shù)特許經(jīng)營店的生存率的數(shù) 據(jù)是從新聞中獲得的。然而 ,根據(jù)美國眾議院委員會對小型企業(yè)員工的調 查 ,在一個綜合性的評述特許經(jīng)營的經(jīng)濟報告上未出現(xiàn)任何關于提高或減少特許經(jīng)營成敗率的數(shù)據(jù)。國會調查數(shù)據(jù)是在大約 9 萬小型企業(yè)中調查 ,超過 70%做出了回應。因此 ,本研究中所有在 1987 年成立的連鎖經(jīng)營企業(yè)的失敗率和從 1984 年到 1987 年間成立的失敗率會是不同的。有志企業(yè)家當然選擇成為特許經(jīng)銷商，期望以此來提高他們在早期啟動經(jīng)營時的生存的機會。然而 ,平均來說，特許經(jīng)營企業(yè)僅 比獨立公司擁有中等偏多一點的財務杠桿：經(jīng)營企業(yè)的啟動資本中貸款占百分之 ,獨立的公司比重為為百分之 。這個問題在以后的章節(jié)中進行處理 ,它是利用計量模型來分析 公司和分析業(yè)主特征 的 ，這樣特許經(jīng)營特性對企業(yè)生存的 影響可能就會是孤立的了。直接測量全國范圍內的被特許人失敗率的研究的是，卡斯特捏，加斯特，和朱莉安 (1993）。要求年輕的明星連鎖經(jīng)營小企業(yè)比相對獨立的創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)有更高的生存率是站不住腳的。所有年齡特許經(jīng)營公司在長期均衡收斂的每年失敗率為百分之四，當然年輕的特許經(jīng)營企業(yè)的失敗率會高很多。能夠僅以這些業(yè)主 比 相對有文化的業(yè)主有更低的影響力來解釋特許經(jīng)營集團比獨立創(chuàng)業(yè)有更高的生存率嗎 ? 業(yè)主的教育影響、企業(yè)規(guī)模、工業(yè)、資本 ,特許專營的特點 ,以及其他影響企業(yè)生存的因素，將分段進一步研究如下。對相同的數(shù)據(jù)根據(jù)行業(yè)進行分析 ,特許 經(jīng)營商占所有零售商的百分之 、百分之 的 在 小型企業(yè) ,但只有 %的公司在其他服務業(yè)種運行。第三 ,經(jīng)銷商缺少人力資本時可以得到特許人的協(xié)助和管理支持。上表所顯示的是通常情況下連鎖經(jīng)營企業(yè)會比非連鎖公司被賦予更好的生存特征。 特許經(jīng)營公司的樣品與 1984 年至 1987 年成立的特許經(jīng)營單位的分析不同，有以下幾個原因。因此 ,聲稱特許經(jīng)營存活率往往傾向于極端化。裝修窩是在 20 世紀 80 年代的明顯增長的特許經(jīng)營商 ,他的投資加盟店是 萬美元到 5 萬美元之間推出的公司。這也是最有可能存活下來的企業(yè)。一項全國性的以小型企業(yè)在 1987 年的服務的調查作為這次分析研究的數(shù)據(jù)。 Bates and Gucci, 1989。(franchising in the economy, 1988), .My own review of applicable . Department of Commerce publications reveals no studies or statistics capable of supporting parative survival rates for new franchise versus independent business startups. Claims that franchise startups have vastly higher survival rates than independent business startups cannot be supported by published . Department of Commerce studies of small business. Thus, claims about franchise rates of survival have often tended to extremes. The purpose of this study is to raise the debate to a higher plain. The presence Of the CBO data base makes it possible for issues of franchisee survival to be analyzed in objective, prehensive ways. The CBO oversamples minority and women business owners, and it oversamples the larger scale small businesses that utilize paid employees. Of the roughly 90,000 small businesses surveyed to create the CBO data base, over 70 percent responded. All of the reported statistics in this study are weighted to adjust for both survey nonresponsive, and the Census Bureau39。s franchisees terminated operations during the three year period ending in December 1992. Decorating Den is a franchisor that grew spectacularly during the 1980s。 these figures are significantly larger than corresponding sales ratios for independent retail firms. Simple parisons of franchise and independent business characteristics are clearly misleading potentially, because of the very different industry positions of firms in these two groups. This problem is dealt with in following sections by utilizing econometric models to control for firm and owner traits so that the impact of the franchise characteristic on firm survival likelihood can be isolated. At least in the industries where the traits typifying young franchises appear to be consistent with enhanced viability and improved survival prospects. Relative to similarly aged independent firms, they are much larger and better capitalized. Their only seeming disadvantage as a group is their lower incidence of very highly educated owners. Could this lower incidence of graduateeducated owners account for the fact that the franchise group exhibited a lower rate of survival than independent business startups? Impacts of owner education, firm size, industry, capitalization, the franchise trait, and other factors upon firm survival and discontinuance are further investigated below. F. Concluding ments Among the few scholarly studies that empir