外文翻譯---特許經(jīng)營(yíng)和獨(dú)立的小型企業(yè)成活率的比較(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 ate the impact of the franchise characteristic on firm survival prospects when owner and firm traits are controlled for. It is the larger scale, better capitalized firms headed by college graduate owners working fulltime in their small businesses that are most likely to remain in operation。s degree. All of the above group mean differences are statistically significant Yet, despite the obvious strengths of the young franchise firms summarized in table one, they are dramatically less profitable than independent firms of the same age, and they exhibit a lower survival rate per cent (versus percent for no franchise firms) over the 19871ate 1991 time period。本研究檢查的是在特許經(jīng)營(yíng)、無(wú)特許小公司從 1984 年到 1987 年的生存方式 :生存超過(guò) 1991 年時(shí)對(duì)所有企業(yè)進(jìn)行跟蹤。進(jìn)一步對(duì)獨(dú)立的商業(yè)與特許經(jīng)營(yíng)人進(jìn)行比較表明 ,年輕的公司開(kāi)始沒(méi)有受益于特許人以后將比特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公司更有利可圖。本研究中的年輕小 企業(yè)的摘要和 各個(gè) 時(shí)點(diǎn) 的 數(shù)據(jù)都是來(lái)自全國(guó)大小型企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)；企業(yè)主 (CBO)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是來(lái)自于 1992 年美國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)局公布的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)。事實(shí)上 ,直到最近 ,經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)商務(wù)部對(duì)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，在兩年一度的報(bào)告上發(fā)表了這個(gè) 關(guān)于 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果 的報(bào)告 。國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算局對(duì)少數(shù)民族和婦女企業(yè)主抽取樣本 ,并對(duì)雇工的小型企業(yè)大范圍的抽樣。第三 ,本研究中的多單元新公司可能在多個(gè)位置擁有特許經(jīng)營(yíng)店 ,但這種公司只有計(jì)算一次 ,因?yàn)檫@里分析的單位是整個(gè)公司。以上所述所有組平均值差別在統(tǒng)計(jì)上是顯著的 ,盡管年輕的明星企業(yè)有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但他們?cè)谕瑯拥哪挲g階段時(shí)戲劇性的比獨(dú)立公司賺的利潤(rùn)更少 ,并且具有較低的生存率 ,只有百分之 (非特許企業(yè)是百分之 )在 1987 到 1991 年后期 ,這些差別在統(tǒng)計(jì)上是明顯大于傳統(tǒng)水平的。對(duì)于獲得債務(wù)資本方面 ,表一表明特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公使用百分之 借入資本來(lái)幫助進(jìn)入金融業(yè)務(wù) ,而獨(dú)立公司只有百分之 。簡(jiǎn)單的比較特許經(jīng)營(yíng)、獨(dú)立經(jīng)營(yíng)的業(yè)務(wù)特點(diǎn) 是 有明顯潛在的誤導(dǎo)性的 ,因?yàn)樵谶@兩個(gè)組中存在非常不同的行業(yè)。據(jù)拉豐登報(bào)道 (1985 年 )特許經(jīng)營(yíng)失敗率為 %。貝茨， 1990)。適用的小型企業(yè)報(bào)告一再表明 ,隨著公司的成長(zhǎng)失敗率將下降 (黃宗堅(jiān)埃文斯 (1982 年 ), 艾維 , 1987。 F 結(jié)論 在為數(shù)不多的調(diào)查特許經(jīng)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)學(xué)術(shù)研究中 ,我沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)證據(jù)是關(guān)于被特許人存活率以任何方式一致的結(jié)果。僅從特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公司在零售業(yè)看，每個(gè)雇員銷(xiāo)售 106790 美元來(lái)自于每美元的創(chuàng)業(yè)資金是 美元。第一部分的摘要提供的一些證據(jù)表明特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的關(guān)系與這些虛擬優(yōu)勢(shì)是一致的。特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公司在啟動(dòng)時(shí)的資本投入也同樣大的多，均值在86493 美元 ,是非特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)投入資本 29822 美元的三倍。首先 ,一些特許經(jīng)營(yíng)單位屬于連鎖店。本研究的目的是將問(wèn)題提高到一個(gè)更高討論空間。商業(yè)失敗率數(shù)據(jù)的傳播是通過(guò)個(gè)人的特許企業(yè)和國(guó)際特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)會(huì)的 ， 92%的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)初創(chuàng)公司在最后的 5 年仍在營(yíng)業(yè) ,然而獨(dú)立公司只有百分之 23。其他因素不變，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)特點(diǎn)對(duì)企業(yè)生存的前景表現(xiàn)出高度負(fù)面的影響關(guān)系。一份來(lái)自美國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)局公布的人口普查特點(diǎn) ,利用企業(yè)主數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì) 20554 家 年輕公司進(jìn)行了調(diào)查 ,這些公司在 1991 年晚些時(shí)候 體現(xiàn)了關(guān)于企業(yè)存活率的問(wèn)題 。 Bates, 1990a). Franchise industry claims of higher survival rates among young franchise small businesses, relative to independent business startups, are untenable. 出處： Timothy Bates. A Comparison of Franchise and Independent Small Business Survival Rates [J]. Journal of Law and Economics : 503–526 二、翻譯文章 標(biāo)題： 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)和獨(dú)立的小型企業(yè)成活率的比較 譯文： 摘要 有志向的企業(yè)家選擇成為特許經(jīng)營(yíng)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商以期望提高自己在早期的創(chuàng)業(yè)和運(yùn)行時(shí)的生存機(jī)會(huì)。s nonrandom sampling in the creation of the CBO: the firms described in this study are therefore representative of young firms that grossed at least $5000 in total revenues in 1987 .This study covers only firms formed over the 19841987 period and the unit of analysis is firms, not persons. Thus, the universe of firms covered in this study is 4,005,561 small businesses. A description of the CBO sample of young firms analyzed in the following pages appears in the appendix of this study. The sample of franchise firms analyzed here’s not identical with the universe of franchise units opened between 1984 and 1987 for several reasons. First, some franchise units are owned by the franchisor. Second, some new franchise units are owned by multiunit firms that began operations before 1984. Third, multiunit new firms included in this study might own franchise operations at several locations, but such a firm is only counted once, because the unit of analysis here is the firm. Thus, the failure rate for all new franchise units operating in 1987 that opened up between 1984 and 1987 may differ from the closure rate reported in this study. C. Characteristics of franchise and independent young firms Existing studies identify traits that are positively correlated with firm longevity. The larger scale, older small businesses have higher survival rates over time than smaller, younger firms (Evans, 1987。 the franchise trait, other factors constant, exhibits a highly negative re
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