外文翻譯---特許經(jīng)營(yíng)和獨(dú)立的小型企業(yè)成活率的比較-預(yù)覽頁(yè)
【正文】 franchise characteristic on firm survival prospects when owner and firm traits are controlled for. It is the larger scale, better capitalized firms headed by college graduate owners working fulltime in their small businesses that are most likely to remain in operation。 its franchisees invest between $17,000 and $50,000 to launch their firms. Business failure rate figures disseminated by individual franchisors and the International Franchise Association suggest that 92 percent of franchise business startups are still in business at the end of five years, versus only 23 percent of the independent firms. Such promotional business failure rate figures cite the . Department of Commerce as their source. In fact, the . Department of Commerce has, until recently, conducted annuals surveys of franchisors and published the results in biennial reports, franchising in the economy. According to the staff of the . House of Representatives Committee on Small Business, however, a prehensive review of the franchising in the economy reports fails to show any figures providing parable failure or success rates for franchises or franchisees. On the contrary, the reports note specifically that 39。 Bates and Gucci, 1989). Among very young firms, owner traits associated with greater likelihood of survival include owners working fulltime in the firm, highly educated owners, and large owner financial capital investment in the firm at startup (Bates, 1990a). Table one indicates that franchisees are generally better endowed with traits linked to survival than no franchise young firms. In terms of mean 1987 sales revenues, the young franchisees report $513,961, over five times larger than the corresponding figure of $102,410 reported by the independent businesses (table one). Capitalization at startup is similarly much greater mean value $86,493 for the franchise firms, almost three times greater than the no franchise firm capitalization of $29,822. Only in the area of owner educational background do the franchise firms appear to be weaker than the independents: percent of the former and percent of the latter had pursued graduate studies beyond the bachelor39。 they find that the annual failure rate for all franchises is in the four percent range. The higher franchise discontinuance rates reported here for young firms only are not inconsistent with the Castro Giovanni, Justas, and Julian study. Indeed, the logistic regression exercises clearly and consistently indicate a rising survival rate as young firms grow older. A longrun convergence upon an annual four percent failure rate for franchises of all ages can certainly coexist with a much higher failure rate for very young franchises. The applicable small business literature has repeatedly shown that failure rates decline as firms grow older (Jovanovich, 1982。被特許人和母公司結(jié) 盟它能對(duì)被特許人提供一些管理上的幫助，接觸到金融資本，通過(guò)利用母公司商標(biāo)順利的進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的智慧，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)是保險(xiǎn)的做法。 1991 年晚些時(shí)候，在 1987 年開創(chuàng)的公司 中 百分之為 的連鎖加盟店和百分之 非連鎖年輕公司停止運(yùn)行。當(dāng)業(yè)主和公司的特點(diǎn)受到限制時(shí)，邏輯回歸方程用來(lái)區(qū)別特許經(jīng)營(yíng)特征在對(duì)企業(yè)生存前景的影響。對(duì)少數(shù)擁有者特許經(jīng)營(yíng)獨(dú)立分析 ,并對(duì)獨(dú)立小型企業(yè)的二次抽查調(diào)查揭示，少數(shù)擁有者公司的生存方式類似于整個(gè)小型企業(yè)領(lǐng)域的生存方式：特許經(jīng)營(yíng)店比獨(dú)立創(chuàng)業(yè)公司更有可能倒閉。這種說(shuō)法的事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)是不牢靠的。這樣的 企業(yè)破產(chǎn)率數(shù)據(jù)以“美國(guó)商務(wù)部”作為自己的信息來(lái)源。我自己的評(píng)論適用的美國(guó)商業(yè)部統(tǒng)計(jì)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有別的出版物能支持新的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)和獨(dú)立的商業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)的存活率的高低。國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)使對(duì)被特許人的生存問(wèn)題進(jìn)行客觀、全面的分 析成為可能。因此 ,本研究中包含的公司是 4005561 家小型企業(yè)。第二 ,一些新的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)單位大多屬于 1984 年前開創(chuàng)的企業(yè)。規(guī)模較大 ,較成熟的小型企業(yè)比規(guī)模小，年輕的企業(yè)有更高的生存率 ,（埃文斯公司 (1987 年 ),貝茨和努西 ,1989 年 9 月初版。只有在業(yè)主的教育背景這方面特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公司狀況似乎不如獨(dú)立經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè) : 前者的百 分之 與后者的百分之 的業(yè)主取得超過(guò)學(xué)士學(xué)位。首先 ,商標(biāo)和產(chǎn)品暢銷全國(guó)似乎是很有價(jià)值的 ,有利于顧客接受新特許經(jīng)營(yíng)者的品牌。特許經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)比獨(dú)立的公司會(huì)得到更多資本和勞動(dòng)力投入。特許經(jīng)銷商在零售、金融、保險(xiǎn)、房地產(chǎn) ,和其他服務(wù)行業(yè)中占很大比例。這些數(shù)字顯著高于獨(dú)立的零售公司中相應(yīng)的銷售比率。相對(duì)于年齡組獨(dú)立的公司 ,它們被更多更好的資本化了。大部分的適用的研究是調(diào)查特許人的而不是被特許人的行為 : 例 如 ,魯賓 (1978)和諾頓 (1988)。這里更高的年輕的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)公司的失敗 率與卡斯特捏，加斯特和朱利安的研究是不相抵觸。貝茨和怒西 ,
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