【正文】 should not be considered when determining to continue with a troubled project – Variable Cost: costs that change with the amount of production or the amount of work (materials, wages) – Fixed Cost: nonrecurring costs that do not change 相關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)及概念的介紹 續(xù) ? Accounting Standards（ Con’t） – Direct Cost: directly attributable to project work (travel, wages, materials) – Indirect Cost: overhead items or costs for the benefit of more than one project (taxes, fringe benefits) – Depreciation: assets lose value over time ? Straight Line depreciation: same amount is taken each year ? Accelerated Depreciation: 2 forms 187。 3種方法： EAC=BAC/CPI (Default) EAC=AC + BACEV EAC= AC + ETC Sample Question W or k U n i tC om pl e t i onD a t e B u dg e t P VP l a n n e dC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC os t EVA Ja n . 3 1 4 100 100 5B F e b . 2 8 6 100 100 8C M a r . 3 1 10 100 80 12D Ju n . 3 0 30E A u g . 3 1 26F O ct . 3 1 20G N o v . 3 0 2H D e c . 3 1 2T o t a l 100 25Sample Question Answer CV EVAC 7 SV EVPV 2 CPI EV/AC SPI EV/PV EAC BAC/CPI EAC2 AC+BACEV 107 ETC EACAC PC EV/BAC 18% PS AC/BAC 25% TCPI (BACEV)/(BACAC) 小竅門(mén) ? Tips. – EV 在大多數(shù)公式中都在前面。 Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Five misunderstandings about quality: 1. Quality means goodness or luxury. 2. Quality is intangible and not measurable. 3. Quality is Expensive. 4. Quality problem is originated by workers. 5. Quality originate in quality department. 區(qū)別質(zhì)量與等級(jí)：如酒店星級(jí) 區(qū)別質(zhì)量與鍍金（ Gold plating） 質(zhì)量目標(biāo) Quality Goals 質(zhì)量的目標(biāo)是： ? 適合于使用 Fitness for use. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)能否使用？ Is the product or service capable of being used?) ? 適合于目的 Fitness for purpose. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)？Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?) ? 顧客滿(mǎn)意 Customer satisfaction. (產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)滿(mǎn)足了顧客的期望？ Does the product or service meet the customer39。 ? 范圍說(shuō)明（ Scope statement） ? 產(chǎn)品描述（ Product description） ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范（ Standard and regulation） 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) Design of Experiments ?一種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，幫助識(shí)別哪些因素將影響某種變量。 質(zhì)量成本類(lèi)型 Quality Cost Category: ? 預(yù)防成本 Prevention Cost cost to plan and execute a project so that it will be errorfree ? 鑒定成本 Appraisal Cost cost of evaluating the processes and the outputs of the processes to ensure the product is errorfree ? 內(nèi)部失?。ü收希┏杀? Internal Failure Cost cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product ? 外部失敗（故障）成本 External Failure Cost cost incurred due to errors detected by the customer. This includes warranty cost, field service personnel training cost, plaint handling, and future business losses. ? 測(cè)量與檢測(cè)設(shè)備成本 Measurement and Test Equipment capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities. QA and QC Comparison ? 質(zhì)量保證 (QA): 在質(zhì)量體系中實(shí)施的全部有計(jì)劃、有系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)，以提供滿(mǎn)足項(xiàng)目相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信心。 Based on a person39。 Makes decision solely. ? 又被稱(chēng)為：指導(dǎo)型。 Little or no information exchange takes place within the group(Up and down). ? 團(tuán)隊(duì)有最終決策權(quán)。 skills and their assignments and that the anizational climate is conducive to meeting team members needs and achieving a sense of petence. 動(dòng)機(jī)理論 Motivation Theories ? Goal Setting Theory: (Developed by Latham and Locke) ?Working towards a goal is a major source of job motivation. ?Individuals have an internal desire to achieve goals. ?Clear, specific, concise, and challenging goals motivate team members. ?Project participants must be allowed to participate in setting goals, formulating plans and implementation strategies in order to gain participants39。 生理 安全 愛(ài)和歸屬 自尊 自我實(shí)現(xiàn) 動(dòng)機(jī)理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory X: (developed by McGregor to describe how managers relate to subordinates) ?Most people dislike their work and will avoid it. ?Most people lack ambition and have little capacity for problem solving and creativity. ?Workers prefer direction and avoid taking responsibility and initiative. ?Workers motivated only by Maslow39。 May also be referred to as Persuading. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Democratic (民主型 ) ? 將問(wèn)題交給團(tuán)隊(duì)討論并收集信息。 Refers to negative consequences that a person can inflict on others. ?威望 Referent : ?通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員將某人視為模范，崇拜并心甘情愿追隨而獲得的能力。 Implement corrective Action 戴明還闡述說(shuō)： 85%的質(zhì)量問(wèn)題應(yīng)由管理層負(fù)責(zé)，另外 15%由團(tuán)隊(duì)成員負(fù)責(zé)。將高級(jí)和低級(jí)工程師進(jìn)行多種組合，已確定最佳。 Responsible for the tasks they performed Quality Planning 質(zhì)量計(jì)劃 ? 確定與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并確定達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法。 – EVAC，節(jié)約； – EVAC，超支； – EVBV，超前； – EVBV，滯后。 綜合了范圍、成本和進(jìn)度計(jì)劃測(cè)量。 成本管理的方法？ 資源計(jì)劃 、 成本的估算、預(yù)算、控制 誰(shuí)對(duì)成本在不同時(shí)間有不同的需求？ 管理層（實(shí)施結(jié)果，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與識(shí)別），買(mǎi)方（不同的合同類(lèi)型下） 針對(duì)不同的管理需要，成本有哪些類(lèi)型？ 可控、不可控；固定、變動(dòng)；直接、間接 ? 如何控制與管理變更？ 糾正措施？ S曲線(xiàn)？掙值？ 成本估算技術(shù) （ Cost Estimating Techniques） ? 模擬 (類(lèi)比 )估算 Analogous Estimating – ―top down‖。 確定如何用最小的成本獲得最大的工期壓縮。 ) Critical Path Longest Shortest Zero 條件圖法 PMBOK Conditional Diagramming Method GERT：圖形評(píng)審技術(shù) 允許回路（ LOOP，如：重復(fù)多次進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)測(cè)試）或條件分枝 （ Conditional branches，如：只有當(dāng)檢測(cè)出錯(cuò)誤時(shí)才進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)更新）的存在，這是 PDM和 ADM所不允許的。 與范圍定義中分解的區(qū)別 : Output 不同： deliverable / activity. 活動(dòng)清單（ ） 項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行的 所有活動(dòng) 。 RBS (Resource breakdown structure)：資源分解結(jié)構(gòu) OBS的一種變異，將工作元素分配到個(gè)人。在項(xiàng)目初期 , be less detail/high level, 然后 … 但是 , 又要 detailed enough for ? project planning 當(dāng) Seller按照與 Buyer訂立的 Contract執(zhí)行時(shí)，最初的產(chǎn)品描述一般由 Buyer提供。 控制這些特征的任何變更。 當(dāng)變更實(shí)際發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行管理。 成功的概率隨著時(shí)間的推移越來(lái)越大 每個(gè) 階段的結(jié)束以預(yù)先定義的可交付成果為標(biāo)志 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大影響時(shí)段 項(xiàng)目生命周期的特性 (I) 成本 項(xiàng)目生命周期的需要注意其他的方面 ? Phase end Review: – 又叫 Phase exits, Stage gates, Kill points 1. 繼續(xù)嗎？ Go/no go. 2. Corrective Action 3. Lessons learned. ? 區(qū)別 project life cycle和 product life cycle: 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理溝通方向及關(guān)系 項(xiàng)目 經(jīng)理 贊助人 老板 項(xiàng)目 團(tuán)隊(duì) 同事 其他 PM 顧客 供應(yīng)商 職能部門(mén)經(jīng)理 媒體 政府 大眾 強(qiáng)矩陣型 平衡矩陣 弱矩陣型 全時(shí) 全時(shí) 部分時(shí)間 部分時(shí)間 部分時(shí)間