【正文】 收入現(xiàn)值之和的折現(xiàn)率。 a basis for tradeoffs. Project’s product – product description() Project deliverables – a list of summary level Subproducts. Project objectives – quantifiable criteria to measure success at least: Cost Schedule Quality SMART Objective Involves subdividing the major project deliverables or subdeliverables ?smaller ?more manageable units Until sufficient detailed defined deliverables to Support developing Activity. 分解 Deposition PMBOK Step 1: 識別主要可交付成果 Identify major deliverables Step 2: Decide if adequate cost and duration estimate can be developed Step 3: Identify constituent ponents (組成元素 ) Step 4: Verify the correctness 工作分解結構 WBS PMBOK 面向可交付成果而對項目元素的分組，它組織并定義了整個項目范圍。 BOM (Bill of Material)：材料清單 制造產品所需零部件等的分級層次。 項目提前終止，則應對項目完成程度建立文檔。 WBS的延伸。 ? Discretionary 任意 ? Best practice ? 軟邏輯 Soft Logic: desirable and customary (based on experience) ? 優(yōu)先 Preferential: preferred or mandated by a customer (also, need of the project sponsor) ? External ? Project activity with nonproject activity. 前導圖法 PMBOK Precedence Diagramming Method AON (Activity on Node): Node=activity, Arrow=dependencies One time estimate Lead and Lag Four relationships: Finish to Start Finish to Finish Start to Start Start to Finish TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 ES EF LS LF ES EF LS LF 箭線圖法 PMBOK Arrow Diagramming Method AOA (Activity on Arrow)： 雙代號網(wǎng)絡圖，活動在箭線上。 Conditional and probabilistic treatment System Dynamics Models：系統(tǒng)動態(tài)模型 工期 =7 Task A ES EF LS LF 工期 =6 Task C ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task G ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task B ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task D ES EF LS LF 工期 =2 Task F ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task E ES EF LS LF 工期 =2 Task H ES EF LS LF 開始 結束 計算 子網(wǎng)絡 Sub Nets – Frags PMBOK 網(wǎng)絡模板（ Network templates） 使制圖過程更便捷。 例如：蓋樓的每一層、醫(yī)藥臨床等。 通常成本增加。 Allocate scare resources to the Critical Path Activities first. 通常導致比最初進度更長的工期。 using actual costs from previous project as basis for estimate ? Reliable when previous projects are similar and individuals have expertise – form of expert judgment ? 參數(shù)模型 Parametric Modeling – uses project characteristics in mathematical models to predict costs ( houses) ? Reliable when historical information is accurate, parameters are quantifiable, and model is scalable 2 types: Regression analysis, Learning Curve ? 從下至上的估算 Bottom Up Estimating – rolling up individual activities into project total – smaller work activities have more accuracy ? 計算機工具 Computerized tools – spreadsheets, software 估算的準確性 (Accuracy of Estimates） ? 量級估算 Order of Magnitude Estimate: ? 25% to 75%。Double Declining Balance 187。 3個關鍵值： 1. PV Planed Value (BCWSBudget Cost of Work Scheduled) 2. EV Earned Value (BCWPBudget Cost of Work Performed) 3. AC Actual Cost (ACWPActual Cost of Work Performed) 兩個差異 成本差異（ CV） = EV－ AC 進度差異（ SV） = EV－ PV 例： CV= EV－ AC=$100 SV= EV－ PV=$200 為什么會有差異？ PV（ BCWS） EV（ BCWP） AC（ ACWP） $1,000 $800 $900 兩個績效指數(shù) 成本績效指數(shù)（ CPI） = EV/AC 進度績效指數(shù)（ SPI） = EV/PV 例： CPI= EV/AC= $800/$900= 意味著：每花 1元產出的工作價值 。 – 計算差異 , EV在前； – 計算指數(shù) , EV在上（分子）。 – ETC指從今以后一段時間 。s expectations?) ? 符合需求 Conformance to the requirements. (產品或服務是否符合要求？ Does the product or service conform to the requirements?) 質量責任 Responsibility for Quality ?高層管理 Top management – 負責組織的質量。 ? 質量政策（ Quality policy） ? 有組織的最高層正式發(fā)布的關于質量的總宗旨和總方向。 ?多用于項目產品上。 Quality Cost – 質量成本 ? 質量成本指為了達到產品 /服務質量而進行的全部工作所發(fā)生的所有成本。 ? 質量控制 (QC): 一個過程，用來監(jiān)控具體項目結果，以決定他們是否符合相關的質量標準，并識別消除不滿意績效的成因。 Deming also stated that 85% of poor quality is attributable to the management, 15% to the team members. Taguchi’s theory ?Quality should be designed into the product, not inspected into it. ?Quality is best achieved by minimizing the deviation from a target. The product should be designed to be immune to uncontrollable environmental factors. ?The cost of quality should be measured as a function of deviation from the standard and the losses should be measured systemwide. A A R 接受 A R A 測試 A C R 設計 A C R 需求 E D C B A R—負責 A—協(xié)助 C—審查 責任分配矩陣可在各個等級實行 責任分配矩陣 PM Roles and Responsibilities ? Integrator 集成者 ?是看到項目目標及項目如何融入組織整體計劃的人。s formal position in the pany. ?獎賞 Reward: ?提供好結果的能力。 Power gained when team members admire, and willingly follow, an individual as a role model ?專家權威 Expert : ?通過在某方面公認的知識或技能水平而獲得的能力。 Also referred to as Directing. ? Consultive autocratic（ 咨詢獨裁型 ） : ? 從團隊那里收集大量信息。 Problem presented to the team for open discussion and information gathering. ?團隊做決策。 The team has the ultimate authority for the final decision. ?又被稱為：授權型。s lower level needs (physiological and safety). ?Workers are selfcentered, indifferent to the needs of the anization, and resistant to change. ?Theory Y: (also developed by McGregor) ?Most people meet high performance expectations if appropriately motivated and the climate supportive. ?Most people are creative, imaginative, ambitious, and mitted to meeting the anization39。 acceptance and mitment to meeting project goals. ?期望理論 Expectancy Theory: (Developed by Victor Vroom) ?People think seriously about how much effort they should put into a task before doing it. ?Motivation occurs if there is an expectation of a favorable oute. 。s higher level needs (self esteem and self actualization) 動機理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory Z: (Developed by Ouchi. The source was the Japanese workplace) ?Similar characteristics as Theory Y. ?Management deems workers as trustworthy and capable of working without close su