【正文】 e B u dg e t P VP l a n n e dC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC om pl e t i on %A c t u a lC os t EVA Ja n . 3 1 4 100 100 5B F e b . 2 8 6 100 100 8C M a r . 3 1 10 100 80 12D Ju n . 3 0 30E A u g . 3 1 26F O ct . 3 1 20G N o v . 3 0 2H D e c . 3 1 2T o t a l 100 25Sample Question Answer CV EVAC 7 SV EVPV 2 CPI EV/AC SPI EV/PV EAC BAC/CPI EAC2 AC+BACEV 107 ETC EACAC PC EV/BAC 18% PS AC/BAC 25% TCPI (BACEV)/(BACAC) 小竅門 ? Tips. – EV 在大多數(shù)公式中都在前面。 – 公式與成本相關，用 AC； – 公式與進度相關，用 PV。 – EVAC，節(jié)約； – EVAC，超支； – EVBV，超前； – EVBV，滯后。 EAC指工作結束那個點。 Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Five misunderstandings about quality: 1. Quality means goodness or luxury. 2. Quality is intangible and not measurable. 3. Quality is Expensive. 4. Quality problem is originated by workers. 5. Quality originate in quality department. 區(qū)別質量與等級：如酒店星級 區(qū)別質量與鍍金（ Gold plating） 質量目標 Quality Goals 質量的目標是： ? 適合于使用 Fitness for use. (產品或服務能否使用？ Is the product or service capable of being used?) ? 適合于目的 Fitness for purpose. (產品或服務達到了設計目標？Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?) ? 顧客滿意 Customer satisfaction. (產品或服務滿足了顧客的期望？ Does the product or service meet the customer39。 Responsible for Quality of the Organization ?項目經(jīng)理 Project manager – 負責項目的質量。 Responsible for the tasks they performed Quality Planning 質量計劃 ? 確定與項目有關的質量標準并確定達到標準的方法。 ? 如果組織沒有正式質量政策，項目團隊應該為項目指定質量政策。 ? 范圍說明（ Scope statement） ? 產品描述（ Product description） ? 標準和規(guī)范（ Standard and regulation） 實驗設計 Design of Experiments ?一種統(tǒng)計方法，幫助識別哪些因素將影響某種變量。如：汽車設計中確定哪種懸置與車輪的搭配效果最好，并且價位合理。將高級和低級工程師進行多種組合，已確定最佳。包括符合要求的成本和不符合要求的成本。 質量成本類型 Quality Cost Category: ? 預防成本 Prevention Cost cost to plan and execute a project so that it will be errorfree ? 鑒定成本 Appraisal Cost cost of evaluating the processes and the outputs of the processes to ensure the product is errorfree ? 內部失?。ü收希┏杀? Internal Failure Cost cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product ? 外部失?。ü收希┏杀? External Failure Cost cost incurred due to errors detected by the customer. This includes warranty cost, field service personnel training cost, plaint handling, and future business losses. ? 測量與檢測設備成本 Measurement and Test Equipment capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities. QA and QC Comparison ? 質量保證 (QA): 在質量體系中實施的全部有計劃、有系統(tǒng)的活動，以提供滿足項目相關標準的信心。 QA Managerial process Organize Designs programs/processes Sets objectives Provide resources Develops procedures QC Technical aspect of Quality Examines Analyzes Monitors conformance Provides reporting 質量控制中要區(qū)分以下概念 – 預防 (prevention)與檢查 (inspection) – 特性抽樣 (attribute sampling)與變量抽樣 (variable sampling) – 特殊原因 (special cause)與隨機原因 (random cause) – 許可的誤差 (Tolerance/Threshold)與控制限度 (control limits) 質量工具 Quality Tools – 流程圖 – 曲線圖 – 帕累托圖（ Pareto Diagram） 80/20定理 – 因果圖（魚骨圖 /Ishikawa圖） – 圖表（ Graphs） – 控制圖（ Control Charts） – 核對表（ Checksheets） Sampling ?確定樣本大小 ? Before reject product, benchmark the number of defect(this is the management responsibility). ? Methods – Acceptance – Attribute – Special Attribute ? Continuous sampling ? Chain ? Skiplot – Variable sampling 不斷改進（ Continues Improvement Process） PDCA (戴明 Deming): ? 計劃 Plan – 提高當前的實踐 improve the present practice ? 執(zhí)行 Do –計劃的實施 implement the plan ? 檢查 Check – 通過測試來觀察是否得到了期望的結果。 Implement corrective Action 戴明還闡述說： 85%的質量問題應由管理層負責，另外 15%由團隊成員負責。 PM is the most likely person who can view both the project and the way it fits into the overall plan for the anization. ?協(xié)調項目團隊的努力。 Based on a person39。如：提升、漲工資等 Power to give positive consequences or outes. ?強制 Coercive (Penalty): ?提供壞結果的能力。 Refers to negative consequences that a person can inflict on others. ?威望 Referent : ?通過團隊成員將某人視為模范，崇拜并心甘情愿追隨而獲得的能力。 Refers to earned power through a recognized level of knowledge or skill in a specific area. Also called charisma. 領導風格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Autocratic（ 獨裁型 ） : ? 項目經(jīng)理很少或根本不從團隊那里收集信息。 Makes decision solely. ? 又被稱為：指導型。 Intensive information input is solicited from the team. ? 但自己作決定。 May also be referred to as Persuading. 領導風格 /決策模型 Leadership Styles / Decision Model ? Democratic (民主型 ) ? 將問題交給團隊討論并收集信息。 Team makes decision. ? 又被稱為：參與型。 Little or no information exchange takes place within the group(Up and down). ? 團隊有最終決策權。 Also referred to as Delegating / Shareholder Manager. ?注：這種類型被認為是拙劣的管理。 生理 安全 愛和歸屬 自尊 自我實現(xiàn) 動機理論 Motivation Theories ? Theory X: (developed by McGregor to describe how managers relate to subordinates) ?Most people dislike their work and will avoid it. ?Most people lack ambition and have little capacity for problem solving and creativity. ?Workers prefer direction and avoid taking responsibility and initiative. ?Workers motivated only by Maslow39。s goals. ?Most people are selfdisciplined, can direct and control themselves, desire responsibilities, and accept them willingly. ?Workers are motivated by Maslow39。 skills and their assignments and that the anizational climate is conducive to meeting team members needs and achieving a sense of petence. 動機理論 Motivation Theories ? Goal Setting Theory: (Developed by Latham and Locke) ?Working towards a goal is a major source of job motivation. ?Individuals have an internal desire to achieve goals. ?Clear, specific, concise, and challenging goals motivate team members. ?Project participants must be allowed to participate in setting goals, formulating plans and implementation strategies in order to gain participan